Physics-
General
Easy
Question
Consider a process shown in the figure. During this process the work done by the system
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
- Continuously increases
- Continuously decreases
- First increases, then decreases
- First decreases, then increases
The correct answer is: Continuously increases
As the volume is continuously increasing and the work of expansion is always positive, so the work done by the system continuously increases.
Related Questions to study
Physics-
The P-V diagram of a system undergoing thermodynamic transformation is shown in figure. The work done by the system in going from
is 30J and 40J heat is given to the system. The change in internal energy between A and C is
The P-V diagram of a system undergoing thermodynamic transformation is shown in figure. The work done by the system in going from
is 30J and 40J heat is given to the system. The change in internal energy between A and C is
Physics-General
Physics-
An ideal gas is taken from point A to the point B, as shown in the P-V diagram, keeping the temperature constant. The work done in the process is
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
An ideal gas is taken from point A to the point B, as shown in the P-V diagram, keeping the temperature constant. The work done in the process is
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Physics-General
Physics-
An ideal gas is taken around ABCA as shown in the above P-V diagram. The work done during a cycle is
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
An ideal gas is taken around ABCA as shown in the above P-V diagram. The work done during a cycle is
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Physics-General
Physics-
For one complete cycle of a thermodynamic process on a gas as shown in the P-V diagram, Which of following is correct
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
For one complete cycle of a thermodynamic process on a gas as shown in the P-V diagram, Which of following is correct
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Physics-General
Physics-
When a system is taken from state i to a state f along path if,
and
Along path if,
If
for the curved return path f i, Q for this path is
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
When a system is taken from state i to a state f along path if,
and
Along path if,
If
for the curved return path f i, Q for this path is
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAJkAAABzCAYAAACLg6BeAAANd0lEQVR4nO3da1BUdQPH8S+w7oKLRAuSrQjJSgEqLkKTGCYxIWahow46po7ZeJsc7UXTkDVOM5ov1IZqypwcZvQFjlGZiqY4XtKcoNG8sWp4Y4XAYF2RhWVvLLvPC+dxHoKeLDmcs9v/M+ML9hx2f+P8OOfs//zPOSF+v9+PIEgoVO4AQvATJRMkJ0omSE6UTJCcKJkgOVEyQXKiZILk+qVkfr8ft9vdH28lBKF+KZnVamXfvn24XK7+eDshyKj6evHq1avs3LmTrq6u+yupVGRnZzNt2rRe6/p8PioqKti2bRsjR47k2WeflTaxEHD63JINGTIEp9NJY2MjY8eOJSQkhC1btlBbW9tr3Y6ODkpLS6mtrWX37t10dnZKHloILH2WTK/XM2TIEKZOncprr73GlClTCA0Nxel09lr3+++/Jy8vj+HDh/PMM89gMpkkDy0Elj89JqusrCQrK4u2tjYOHjxIcnIyY8aM6bVeXFwc8+bNY+jQoUyfPp3Y2FjsdrukoYXA0mfJGhsbuXLlCikpKcTHx+Pz+SgpKWHQoEG91n3ppZcIDw8nNDSUmJgYRo0aRWRkpOTBhcDR54F/U1MTBQUFlJeXD3QeIQj12pLV19dz4MABYmJisFqtcmQSgkyvkp0+fZrbt29js9m4efOmHJmEINNrd1lUVERRUZEcWYQgJc5dCpITJRMkJ0omSE6UTJCcKJkgOVEyQXKiZILkRMkEyYmSCZITJRMkJ0omSE6UTJCcKJkgOcWWzOVy0dzcTENDAw0NDTgcDrkjBRSfz8eFCxeYO3cuRqORY8eOyZalz5mxcrPb7ezfv59du3ZRX19PfX09X3/9NVOmTJE7WsCwWCzs27eP6dOnM3/+fFmzKLJk586d49ChQxQXF+PxePj8889JT0+XOxYA3d3dtLS0oNVqiYqKIiQkRO5IvTidTnbu3MmPP/6IXq/n7t27xMTEyJZHcbtLj8fDjRs3GDp0KJmZmZjNZtLT04mIiJA7GnB/N9Ta2squXbs4cuQI7e3tckfqxeVycfToUZqamuju7u7zUsaBpLgtmdvtxmKxoNFouHPnDkeOHCEnJwe1Wg2AzWZjzZo1smbs6uri2LFjaLVajEYjQ4YMkTXPkiVLGD9+/IOfIyIiKCws5Nq1a6xYsULGZPcprmQRERGkpKRQUlKC1WqlpqaGS5cuER8fz4wZM+js7OTYsWOUlJTIltHlcmE2m7FYLEyYMIGnnnpqwDN0dHTwzTffUFFRwYsvvtijZB6Ph6amJjIzMwc8V18UVzKVSkV+fj5paWmEhYXh9XrxeDzo9foH60RHR/PKK6/IlrG8vJyVK1cyduxY4uPjCQ8PH9DP93g8VFRUoNVqee6553otd7lcmEwm5syZM6C5/oziSgag1Wp5+umn5Y7RJ6fTSWFhIWq1GpVKnv++q1ev8t1337Fo0SIOHjzYa3lXVxeNjY088cQTMqTrTXEH/koXERHB4MGDZStYY2MjH330EdOmTaOgoICwsLAHy1wuFzabje3bt7No0SKGDRsmS8Y/EiULIHfu3GHDhg0YjUYWLFjQa/m2bduYNGkSdrudt956S4aEfVPk7lLozWKxsH79eqKioli5cmWf66xevZrVq1cPcLK/JrZkAaC1tZVNmzZhs9l45513HgznBAqxJVO4zs5OSktLaW5uZsOGDcTGxsod6W8TWzIFczgclJWVcePGDYqLi0lMTJQ70j8iSqZQTqeTsrIyampqWLZsGWlpaXJH+sdEyRTI5XLx1VdfcebMGRYvXkxGRkaPoYpAI0qmMB6Ph71793L48GGWLVtGVlZWQBcMxIG/ojgcDiorK9m/fz+rVq0KmtvVi5IphNVqpaKigpMnT7J8+XKef/55uSP1G1EyBbh27Ro7duygvr6e1atX93nSO5CJksmora2NqqoqDh06hFar5cMPP2TkyJFyx+p3omQy8Pv9XLp0ibKyMtxuN5MnT6agoED2yY9SESUbQG63G5PJREVFBb/99hsZGRnk5eWRmpr6t79B2u32Hk/mczqd+Hw+tFptf8d+ZKJkA6CxsZGTJ09y/PhxLBYLU6dOZfbs2RgMBrRa7T+6GKW+vp5Lly7R2trKvXv32LNnj6wTOf+fgCtZR0cHbrcbq9WqiPN4Pp+Pc+fO0d7eTl5eHgAtLS1cvHiRs2fPcvToUerr68nPz2fGjBnk5uYSERGBSqV6pCudDAYDlZWV7N69m59//pn169cr5mKbPwqokvn9frZs2YLFYqGyspL58+cP6CVpfr+f7u7uB/+8Xi+bNm2isrKSwsJCSktLMZlMeL1eUlNTMRqNrFu3TpLhiPDwcMaNG0dSUhJxcXFkZmYqdnZGQJXs1q1bVFVVYbPZOHnyJLm5ucTHx0v2eZ2dnTgcDlwuF06nk7t373Lr1i1u3brF1atXqa6upqmpCZ1Oh9frZeHChaSlpaHX6/t8DlV/e+GFF5g0aRLJyck8+eSTkn/ePxVQJTtx4gQffPABa9euZcmSJZjNZoYNG9ZvU6Hdbjd3797FYrFw584d6urqsFgsWK1WrFYrfr+fhIQEDAYDo0ePJi8vj8uXL2M2m0lNTSU7O5uoqChCQwfmbJ1arUatVqPX6xW7q4QAK1lOTg5arRaNRkNGRgYdHR10dXU9cslsNhu//vorNTU1tLS0YLfbaW9vZ+TIkaSlpTFixAgSEhKIjY3t87Pcbje1tbXcu3cPrVY7YCULFAFVsuTkZG7fvg3c/yt+1Evv7XY7R44c4cKFC7jdbnQ6HaNHj8ZgMJCUlPTQ41YajYZx48Y9UpZgFlAl60+nTp1i3759eDwe0tLSyM7OxmAwiGd1SuBfV7K2tjZKSkq4cuUKr776KpMnTyYuLk6Rg5jB4l9VsjNnzvD++++TkZHBli1biI6ORqPRyB0r6P1rSlZeXk5JSQlvvvkmCxYsCPiJgIEkqEvm9/txOByUl5fz008/sXXrVoxGo/j2N8CCtmQ+n4/m5ma+/fZb6urqePvttwP6YoxAFpQl8/l83Lhxg127duFwOFixYgUpKSlyx/rXCsr9hslkoqSkhK6uLpYvXy4KJrOg25KdPn2azZs3YzQaWbx4cY/7mgnyCKqSVVdX89577zFv3jyKiop4/PHH5Y4kEEQlq66upri4mOXLlzNr1ixFnzD+twmKkp05c4bi4mJWrFhBUVHRgEyzER5eQJfM5/Nx/vx51q5dy8KFC5k1a5YoGPdvc+DxeNBoNIo4o6Hob5c2m42GhoYeF0z8l9fr5fz582zevJn8/Hzmzp074DcIVqrPPvsMo9HIF198IXcUQOElu3z5MmVlZbS0tPR43ev1UlNTw5dffkl6ejqvv/46UVFRMqVUnunTp/Pyyy+Tm5srdxRAobvLrq4uzp8/z8WLFyksLGT48OE9lv/++++UlpaSmJjIkiVLZH2ki8vl4ubNmwwbNkzWHP8rLCyMs2fPkpiYyPXr15k4caKk09T/iiJL5vF4uH37Ntu3byc8PJzU1NQey71eLwkJCSxevJi4uDhZMrrdbqqrqzl16hQpKSkMHTpUlhx9MZlMD67q2rNnD263m4ULF8qWR5El02g0ZGZmkpubi16v7zXl2eVyceLECUwmk0wJ729tr127htlsJisri71798qS49y5c2RnZ/d4zWw2M3v2bNasWcPHH3/MzZs3cblcsh2zKrJkKpWKe/fuodPpeo3Yx8bG9vmABDns3buXHTt28MYbb8h6q80/njYzmUwsXbqUzs5OXC4XsbGxsn7rVl7JvF48R49S9+mndI8fz+Dr17GXljJ47VpCY2NRq9Xk5OTInRIAo9HIqlWr+OWXXxgxYoQi7una0NDA8ePHWbduHbW1tTQ1NZGXlyfr/DnllUylIiwxkYxBgzBv3EhdaCj6Tz8lRIFz7yMjI4mMjFREuf4rISGBpKQkEhISGDNmDJ988ons9zpTXsmAsNRUhq9bx7LkZFTjxqGeOZMQMQb20H744Qe5I/SgyJIBqIxGVEaj3DGEfqDowVghOIiSCZITJRMkJ0omSE6UTJCcKJkgOVEyQXKiZILkFDsYKyiLxWLh8uXLOBwORo0ahcFgoKqqio6ODiIjI5kwYcKfTvUWJRMeSmNjIxs3bqSlpYV3332XxMREDhw4QFVVFfn5+WRkZIiSCY9m9OjRzJw5k4aGBnJycggPDyc9PZ05c+aQlZX1f39XHJMJD0Wj0TBq1Ch8Ph9Op5MLFy4QGhr6lwUDUTLhb9DpdA9uO19TU8PUqVMf6vdEyQRaW1spLy//y+ns0dHRdHR0UF5eTmpqKtHR0Q/1/uKYTECn0zFp0iSWLl3K4MGD2bp1a5+PFHrsscdob29n0KBBGAyGh76ZYL+UTK1W09zcrKgZosLf093dTVtbGyEhIUycOJHDhw/3evamTqcjMzOTgoICdDrdQ793iN/v9/d3YCGwdHd3U1dXR2lpKTExMcyePZukpKR+e26VKJlAZ2cntbW1REZGkpSU1O9XNomSCXi9XoB+e0bVH4mSCZITQxiC5ETJBMmJkgmSEyUTJCdKJkhOlEyQnCiZIDlRMkFyomSC5ETJBMn9BwrqsabLYWYaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC)
Physics-General
Physics-
A sample of ideal monoatomic gas is taken round the cycle ABCA as shown in the figure. The work done during the cycle is
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
A sample of ideal monoatomic gas is taken round the cycle ABCA as shown in the figure. The work done during the cycle is
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Physics-General
Physics-
A system changes from the state
to
as shown in the figure. What is the work done by the system
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
A system changes from the state
to
as shown in the figure. What is the work done by the system
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Physics-General
Physics-
An ideal monoatomic gas is taken round the cycle ABCDA as shown in following P-V diagram. The work done during the cycle is
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
An ideal monoatomic gas is taken round the cycle ABCDA as shown in following P-V diagram. The work done during the cycle is
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Physics-General
Physics-
The P-V graph of an ideal gas cycle is shown here as below. The adiabatic process is described by
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
The P-V graph of an ideal gas cycle is shown here as below. The adiabatic process is described by
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Physics-General
Physics-
A thermodynamic system undergoes cyclic process ABCDA as shown in figure. The work done by the system is
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
A thermodynamic system undergoes cyclic process ABCDA as shown in figure. The work done by the system is
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Physics-General
Physics-
A system is taken through a cyclic process represented by a circle as shown. The heat absorbed by the system is
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
A system is taken through a cyclic process represented by a circle as shown. The heat absorbed by the system is
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Physics-General
Physics-
In the diagrams (i) to (iv) of variation of volume with changing pressure is shown. A gas is taken along the path ABCD. The change in internal energy of the gas will be
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
In the diagrams (i) to (iv) of variation of volume with changing pressure is shown. A gas is taken along the path ABCD. The change in internal energy of the gas will be
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAH4AAAB9CAYAAABkt9cmAAARnElEQVR4nO2deVCU9ePHXy7nciOInKKQAuJ9gJWE4YCjVmrmkVZqUxYdUo1WU9N0jjU52W3pWNExWipq6nhgFjqKEKgrFgqkgLRcssuxsLuw7D7fP/zFL/MAdJfngX1e/7H7PM/nzb72+Tz7fK6nnyAIAjJ2h0LsADLiIIu3U2Txdoos3k6Rxdspsng7RRZvp8ji7RRZvJ0ii7dTZPF2iizeTrGJ+NbWVi5dumSLQ8tYCauLN5vNZGVl8dxzz1FTU2Ptw8tYCauLb2hoYOPGjeTk5JCVlYXZbLZ2ETJWwOriz549S3V1NQaDgXPnzlFVVWXtImSsgNXFq9VqnnjiCcaNG8f06dPRarW0t7dbuxiZW8TR2gecPHkyFRUVuLm5MXr0aIxGI/IgH+nRqfiGhgbeeustNBoNXl5erFmzhoMHD7Jt2zYCAwNZtmwZ0dHRHduHhIRQUVEBgIuLCy4uLrZLL3PTdCper9cTExNDamoqv/32G05OTvTv35+IiAjuvPNOBg4c2BM5ZaxMp9f4gIAAHnroIRwcHIiMjMRsNqNQKLj99ttJSkrC19e3J3LKWJlOxTs6OqJUKhk8eDBqtZqamhr+/PNPpk6dikIhN/z1VrpsLioqigsXLnDhwgUSEhJwcHCwepgPP/wQLy8v3Nzc8PLyIjQ0lNWrV2Mymaxelr3TZfG33XYb+fn5FBYWEhUVZZMwzz//PFOmTOHHH3+kqamJPXv2kJmZycaNG7FYLDYp017psviIiAgOHz7MvHnzbBZGp9Nx+vRpJk6cCMDw4cOZO3cuZ86cobm52WrlmM1mKioqMBgMVjtmb6PL9/FxcXFER0fj7+9vszD5+fmEhYURFBTU8ZpCocDZ2RknJyerlNHY2Ehubi4lJSXMnTsXpVJpleP+m8LCQvLz8zv+DgwMJCUlxerl3ArdEm9rzp49y8iRIzv+rqurQ61WM2LEiG4LamlpoaSkhKamJnQ6HQ0NDWi1WsrLy8nMzGTYsGF4e3szYMAAPD09CQgIICws7JbaHdra2sjLy2PLli0YjUb8/Pz45ZdfiI+P773ie4KCggLuuOMO4PKZmZ6ejqurKzNmzOjS/k1NTZw9exaVSsWZM2dwd3dHqVTi5OSEg4MDly5d4syZM1RVVREeHs65c+coLS3FZDLR0tKCi4sLo0aNYuzYsQwZMgRnZ+du5Ver1Xz77beMGzeOBQsW4OvrS0REBAEBAd3+LGyNJMTrdDrWrl3Lrl27KCgoYOfOnbi4uDBlyhSSkpIIDg6+4f5qtZqdO3dy8uRJ3NzcCA8PJyUlheDgYDw9PXF1dUWpVGKxWNBoNJw/f56///6b2NhYBg0ahF6vp76+nvLycoqLizl48CBKpZKkpCRmz57dpdvW9vZ28vPz0Wq1PPjgg3h7ewNw3333SfK2VxLilUolCxcuZPr06R2vOTk5ERkZiZeX13X30+v1bNu2jczMTPz8/Jg1axbDhw+nf//++Pr60q9fv6v2CQwMJCYmBo1Gg5ubG+7u7h3vxcXFodVq0Wq1ZGVlsXv3brZv387y5cu56667bvg/tLa2cvr0afz9/TukA5I820Ei4h0dHbt9i5iVlcVnn32Gm5sbjz32GGPHjsXd3R1Hx87/JYVCwYABA6563dnZmcDAQAIDA4mIiGDhwoUcOHCAd955h6ioKJ566iliYmKueUxBEDAajVb7EWpzBBtw/PhxYd68ebY4tCAIgvDmm28Kw4cPF7Zv326zMv6NXq8XVq9eLSQmJgo7d+685jYmk0nIyMgQRo4cKfz666+CIAjC0aNHhSlTpgjV1dU9krM7SOKM7wpmsxmNRsO7775LY2MjOTk5eHp69kjZSqWSF198kbvuuov169fT1NTE7Nmz8fDw6LicODo6kpKSwsWLF3n44YcBSExM5LvvvpNkR1Y/QbB+Z3lOTg5r165ly5YtVjme0WhEpVLx1VdfMWjQIFatWoWrq6tVjt1dVCoV69evJzw8nIULFzJo0CBJ/njrDMknNplMHD16lDVr1hAbG0taWppo0gHGjBlDWloaRUVFrF27ttcOLZO0eEEQKC4uZteuXcTFxbFo0aIb/srvKaKjo0lLS6O5uZnvv/++V3YiSVp8TU0NO3fuZPDgwTz66KOSujUaM2YML730EiUlJWzatEnsON1GsuKbm5vZunUrra2tLFiw4Jq3X2ITFRVFWloau3btYvfu3WLH6RaSFC8IAtnZ2eTl5fHII48QEhIidqTrMmrUKFauXMmXX35JUVGR2HG6jCTFm81mfvjhB2bOnElkZKTYcTolPj6eyZMn891334kdpctIUvyOHTvQ6/XMnTv3ms2uUkOhULB06VLOnTtHbm6u2HG6hOTEm0wm3n//fZ599tkuNb9KBV9fX6ZNm8bWrVt7xbQxyYlft24dUVFRJCYmih2lW7i6unL33Xej0+n47bffxI7TKZISbzAYyMjIYNGiRWJHuSkGDBjA4MGDyc3Nlfy9vaTEFxQUdGvghdTw8fEhPj6e+vp6KisrxY5zQyQl/tdffyU5OVnsGLdEaGgoSqWSv/76S+woN0Qy4g0GA9nZ2b1efEhICN7e3hQVFUm6upeM+MLCQjw8PAgPDxc7yi3h7u5OeHg4dXV11NXViR3nuoguvqKiArVaTVlZGUOGDCEvL0/sSLdMYGAgFouFxsZGsaNcF9FvlI1GI4cPHyYzMxOj0ciQIUPEjnTLeHl5YbFY0Ov1Yke5LqKf8UOHDkWj0ZCZmcmJEyeYM2eO2JFuGQ8PD8xms6Rn6oguHi4PQR4xYoTNZrb0NJ6enrS3t8viOyMmJoaQkBBmzZrVJ8T/c8bLVX0X6NevH25ubr2iU6YzHBwcMBqN6HQ6yc7yFf3H3T/4+fnR1NSExWKxydz7nqSsrIyysjK8vb1pamrCx8dH7EhXIZkz3s/PD61W2yt6tm6E2WwmLy+PU6dOsWfPHoqLiyV51ktGvL+/P/X19ZL8kLpDbW0t5eXl3HbbbSQmJvLHH39gNBrFjnUVkqrqS0tLe/0ZD5d76SZNmsTcuXNxcXGhvr4eNzc3sWNdgaTO+Kqqql4vPiAggKCgIFxdXfH39yc2NlZSo4P/QTLiJ0yYQEFBAa2trWJHuSUcHByoqKjA1dWVoKAgHB0dJTmRUjLi/fz8GDVqFL/88ovYUW6JyspKLl26xNChQyXdJiEZ8QBJSUm9Xvzff/+NwWBg2LBhYke5IZISf+edd1JQUCD50SvXo62tjZKSEgDJdzZJSnxgYCBjxoxhw4YNYke5KWpqasjLyyMmJqbHpnDfLJISD/Dkk09y5MgRysvLxY7SLdrb2yksLKS9vZ0pU6aIHadTJCd+/PjxTJgwgfT0dLGjdIvm5mb27t3LpEmTesUoIsmJB3j66adRqVScOnVK7Chd5vDhw7S0tPSaEcKSFB8WFkZycjJff/21JJs7/0tzczPr16/ngQceoH///mLH6RKSFK9QKJg9ezaCIPD999+LHadTVqxYwfjx40lKShI7SpeRpHiA4OBgUlNTOXbsGHv37hU7znV5++230el0vP32291eCVNMJNNJcy1iYmJYsGABGRkZ+Pj4EBcXJ5mJlAaDgZ9++onc3Fy2bt0KXO6Sra+vv6LZWalU4uPjI7kFkqSVhsvDrf9ZolyhUJCQkEB0dDQffPABx48fl8SjzJqbm/nmm29IT0/ntdde62iarampYdWqVcTHx3PPPfeQnJzM4sWLaWhoEDnx1UhKfG1tLStXrrxijrmHhweLFy9m9OjRbN68mezsbFF78DQaDRkZGWRnZ5OWlsbYsWM73gsODmbRokUsWbKEQ4cO8frrr9PS0iKJL+t/kUa9+X8cPHiQ0tLSqxpvgoKCSEtL4+eff2bLli1otVpmzJjRo9dUQRA6FkuuqKggNTWViRMnXpGhra2N0tJScnJy2LRpE7W1taxYseKKtW2lgmTE//777/Tv358HH3yQCxcuXPW+t7c3ixcvJiQkhIyMDIqKirjnnnuIjY21ebZ/1to7dOgQSqWSZcuWERUVddXA0KamJjQaDREREeh0uo6HLEgRSYivra1l3bp16HQ6tFrtdUfaOjg4MHXqVPz9/dm9ezeff/45I0eOZObMmQwaNMgm2VQqFTt27ECj0TBmzBimTZtGWFjYNbfV6/W0t7fz2GOPER8fz5o1a9i6dSsJCQmSe/CiJMSfOHGCGTNm4OfnR01NDU899dQNtx89ejShoaGcPXuW/fv388YbbzBx4kSrfgFycnI4ePAgKpWKxMRE5s+fT3h4OB4eHtfdp6mpicrKSkJDQ6mqquLkyZOEhYVJciCG6OKzs7NpaWkhJSUFHx8fTCYTS5cu5Y8//mDEiBHX3c/Pz4877riDmJgYCgoK2Lx5M1u2bGH06NFMmzaNlJSUjmHajY2NnDx5kqCgoCseh/pfKisryczM5MCBA1RXV5OYmMiaNWsICAi4oXC4XDPMmTOH+vp6Dh06hMViITk5meXLl1+xJr5UEHUR43379vH444+j1Wr59NNPmTp1KnfffTdlZWVERUWRlZVFYGBgp+VZLBba2tpQq9VkZWWxZ88e8vPzmTZtGsOGDSMoKAitVsv+/fuZP38+ycnJaDQaKisrUavVVFRUcPLkScrKykhISGDmzJnExcXh7e3d5Wv0tWbOODs74+zsLMlJIr1i9eqboba2ln379nHx4kXOnz/PsWPHKC8vRxAEvLy8GDZsGGFhYYSEhBASEkJsbCyTJ0+WfD+6tRC9qrcVAQEBLFmyBPj/SQ6ffvopAwYMIDU1laFDh0quNa0n6bPi/41er8dkMvHiiy8SGxsrmWZfMbGLT8DT05OEhASxY0gK+63r7BxZvJ0ii7dTZPF2iizeTpHF2ymyeDtFFm+nyOIlhsVioaamhoqKCpuWYxctd70Ji8VCdXU12dnZ+Pv7M3nyZIKCgqxejk3EKxQKioqKeOWVV2xx+D5PW1sbeXl5lJSUMH36dJ555hlGjRpl1WXgbCI+MjKSl156SZKjS3sDra2tVFdXo9PpCAgIQKlUWr1P3yb98TI3j9lspqioCJVKRXh4ONHR0fj6+lq9C1kWLzHMZjONjY04OTnh5uZms1U+ZfESRBAEmw/X6lO3c+3t7RiNxhuujmkymTAajUj5+94TY/T6jHiDwcCOHTtYuXIl1dXVFBcXU19fD0BLSwvl5eUYDAb27t3Lyy+/TGFhoaTl25o+cx9/5MgRjh49ytNPP01wcDD33XcfS5cu5f7776ewsJBvv/2W1NRUZs2ahcVi4Z133iE9PV20iQ61tbWUlJRcsfDD0KFDbTYx5L/0CfFGoxGVSsXIkSOJjIwkJyeH+fPnM378eFpaWqitrWXWrFkdjyOfM2cOH374IaWlpTccZ29LysrKWL16NXq9npCQENRqNcHBwWzYsKFHxuH3iaq+rq4OrVaLv78/zs7OVFVVsWrVKvLz8zGZTBw5coRPPvkEtVrdsc+ECRNEfQZsXFwckyZNYsWKFaSnp/Pqq6+ybdu2Hmv76BPiTSYTCoWio9qeM2cOAwcOBC4/9nPmzJlXnUX/PERALBoaGtDpdHh6euLo6MiBAwe49957e2xmbZ+o6nsjFy9epLi4mNzcXNatW0d0dDTvvfdej5XfJ8S7urpiNptpaWnp8j41NTVMmDDBhqluTF1dHSNGjGDSpEkEBAQwePDgHl3evE9U9QMHDsTd3Z0LFy5gMBj46KOPKCkp4fnnn0elUvHFF1+wa9cuNm/e3LHMytGjRxk3bpxomcvKyvDz8yMxMZG4uLieX9Ne6CMcO3ZMWLZsmZCXl9fpth9//LGQmpoqtLa29kCyKzEYDMJHH30kAAIgbN++vcczCIIg9Kkm26ysLLZt28bLL79MaGjoNbfJyMjgxIkTvPDCC/j7+/dwQunQp8TLdJ0+cY2X6T6yeDtFFm+nyOLtFFm8nSKLt1Nk8XaKLN5OkcXbKbJ4O0UWb6fI4u0UWbydIou3U/4Hd7Ah9wXBAfsAAAAASUVORK5CYII=)
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Physics-General
Physics-
A thermodynamic system is taken from state A to B along ACB and is brought back to A along BDA as shown in the PV diagram. The net work done during the complete cycle is given by the area
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
A thermodynamic system is taken from state A to B along ACB and is brought back to A along BDA as shown in the PV diagram. The net work done during the complete cycle is given by the area
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAIcAAAB6CAYAAACV60DNAAASWUlEQVR4nO2df1SUVf6AnwEBkR9xZPi5gIpICGSsBslubns0zIxCZK2k2lZytbP7R7Yt9mPPZmfXTLd1y+qUeTJL0Trq8axYhAQnLQIkEg1CQUhBiGFgBAZmmIGZud8/9jj7ZWFwBoFhhvc5hz+4c+/l8w7P3Hvf+957RyaEEEhIDIOLvQOQmLxIckhYRJJDwiKSHBIWkeSQsIgkh4RFJDkkLCLJIWERSQ4Ji0hySFhEkkPCIuMmR3Nz83hVLTFBWCVHfX09S5YsYcaMGQQEBODv709SUhI6nW7Y/K2traSlpdHY2DimwUpMLFbJERUVxc6dO3n66adpa2vj4sWLuLq6cujQoSF5jUYj27dvp66ujsOHD2MwGMY8aImJwepu5ezZs4SHhwOgVCrx9/dn/vz5Q/LV19dTX1+PwWCgtraW+vr6sYtWYkKRWbue44knnsDX15fbbruNixcvIpfLefHFF4fkO3bsGJGRkaxcuZLCwkKUSiXJycl4eHiMefAS48s0azJpNBra2tqQy+W0trYSHx9PVlbWsHmTkpIICwvD1dWV6OhoQkNDMZlMYxq0xMRglRxXrlxhzpw5bN68maCgoBHzhoWF/bfyadPw8/O7uQgdEIPBwDfffENOTs6g9M2bNzNv3jw7RWU7NxxzlJaWsmXLFgoKCvj3v/+NtKrwxri4uCCXy3FxcSEwMJCMjAzq6urIy8tzqPfvhi1HXFwc27ZtQ6/XExAQgEwmm4i4HBoXFxc8PT2JiooiOTkZHx8furu7ufvuux3r/RPjRFhY2HhV7RCUlJSIhIQE4evrKx588EFRWVkpjEajvcOyCWn6fJxQKBQsWbKE7u5uXnjhBdauXetwk4KSHOOATqdDrVYTEhICgFwux8vLi5qaGucac0jYhtFo5Ny5c1RWVuLn58epU6c4evQos2fP5s4773SoMYckxxjT399PeXk5HR0ddHR0UF9fj6+vL6+99hpyudze4dmE1TOkthIeHs7Vq1fHo2qJCWLElkOtVnP8+HEqKioGpe/atWtcg5KYHIw4IHV3d2fmzJl0dnYSHR3Nr371K44ePcrBgwcnKj4JOzKiHNOnT8ff35/4+HgeeOABMjIyiImJQalUTlR8EnbkhgPSuro6vL298fX1pbCwkLKyMo4fPz4RsUnYmxvNkj3//PNCJpMJmUwmZs2aJQYGBqyaXQPM5abaT2Ji4s1NTU4SRmw5Ojs7cXV1JTc3l9TUVHO6TqejsLAQIQQBAQEsXrx4SNmwsDCnv1sxGAxoNBoqKirIycmhpqYGNzc39Hq9vUMbEyyOObRaLd9++y2dnZ0IIejv7ze/JoTAYDCYZ/2mGgaDAYVCQWFhIVu2bOH9999n2bJlHD9+HIVCYe/wxgyLLYdSqeT06dO0trZy6dIlkpOTzZM4Op0ONzc3VCoVSUlJExasvRFCoFQqqayspLi4mK6uLhYvXkxqaip+fn48++yzrFy5ktLSUnuHOiZYlGP27Nm88sorw752fWVYREQEbm5u4xbcZEKv11NcXMypU6fQarXExsZy7733mhc31dbWUlpayhtvvOH8coxEWFiYxWWCzkhlZSXHjh1Do9EQFRXFPffcQ3R09KA877zzDqtXr2bWrFl2inLskZ6tjEBLSwu5ublUVVURERFBRkYG8fHxTJs2+G0rLS3lp59+4rnnnrNTpOODJMcwCCE4c+YMe/fuxd/fn8cff5zY2FhuueWWIXn1ej179uwhNTWV4OBg2tvb7RDx+OAUcnR3d7Nz504OHz5sTsvOziYzMxNPT0+b6lKpVBw4cIAzZ86wevVq7r77bvN60OEoLCzEw8ODZcuWWczjqDi8HP39/WRmZuLv709FRQXNzc1s376dOXPm2CxGY2Mjf/3rXxFC8MILLxAXF4erq6vF/G1tbRw4cIA1a9YQHBx8s5cy6XB4OXJychBCsH//fgBiYmJITU01r8KyBr1eT25uLq+//jq/+93vWLdu3Q3vwkwmE/n5+cydO5fFixcPGYc4Aw5/RR999BHr1q0blPab3/zGqrJCCNra2ti7dy95eXm89tpr/PKXv7Sq7IULF6ioqGDVqlX87Gc/szluR8DhO8mysjICAgJsLnd9BnjHjh10dXVx9OhRq8XQaDQUFxcTFBTE7bffbvPfdhQcXo6oqCjKy8vNv1+4cIHy8nK0Wq3FMiqViiNHjrB7927i4uJ49dVXre6GDAYDZWVlVFdXs2LFCodb+mcLDt+t/P3vf2fr1q3mPt9kMpGQkDDsCQDwn0HkkSNHqKqqIiMjg2XLltk0Xujo6CA/P5/Y2FgWLFgwJtcwWXF4OdLS0nB1daW1tRWA+Ph4kpKScHd3H5RPrVZTV1dHUVER165d48knnyQhIWFIvpEYGBjgiy++QAhBenq6TWUdEYeXw9XVlbS0tGFf6+vr48cff+Trr7/m5MmTaDQafvGLX7B+/XoiIyNHvE0djurqag4cOMDWrVud8tb1f3H4MYcl+vr6qKuro6qqio8++oiTJ08yc+ZM/vjHPxIVFWWzGADbt28nLS2Nn//85+MQ8eTDaeWYPn06sbGxNDU1cfHiRWJjY9m0adOoN4O//PLL+Pv7s379+inzJNrhuxVLyGQyXFxcKCkp4aGHHuL2228fdsXajRBCkJubS25uLqWlpVPqhCKnlUOtVrN161YiIyP55z//yeXLl0dVT21tLdu3b+eNN96YUmKAk8qhUqnYs2cPANu2bcPFxYW5c+faXI9SqWTPnj088cQTVk+QORNON+bo6uri4MGDdHZ28uyzzzJ9+vRR1dPe3s6+ffuQy+U88sgjoxrAOjpOJYdOp+Ozzz6jpqaGRx99lMDAwFHVc306XaVSkZmZOSXPNQMnk6O6upri4mJSUlKIiYkZ1V1JX18feXl5fPfdd6SlpQ06AG+q4TRyNDc3c+LECRISEkhJSbFp8Hj9Ocz15yZFRUXcd999LFq0yCkfxVuLU8jR09PDkSNHEEKwZs0afH19bSpfUVGByWSioqLCvAdlxYoVox6vOAsO/7EQQlBeXs6nn37K7t27mTlzpk3lGxoaKCsr4+uvv6aoqIisrCzS09NtXkXmjDi8HAMDA+zevZuNGzeO6gDYkydPcvDgQZqamti2bRuZmZlOtxZ0tDi0HEajkX/84x8EBQXx0EMP2Vxep9Px8ccfU1tby/z581Gr1Zw7d27IINTX13dKdjEOLUdZWRn79++noKDA5rI9PT289957aDQa1q9fz6ZNm5g1axYnTpwgNTUVV1dXAgIC6OnpYePGjfz+978fdmuCM+OwcrS3t/P666+zY8cOZs+ebVPZtrY2jh8/TmVlJa+88grLly83T3LdddddPPXUU4SHh7Nu3TqqqqrYsGEDwcHBPPbYY+NxKZMWh+1cDx06RFBQEOnp6VaXMRqNXLp0iQMHDtDU1ER2djYpKSmDZj87OjrM2x4BbrvtNlavXk1JScmYX8NkxyFbjpqaGs6cOUN2drbVZfR6PV999RX5+fmEhISwYcMGIiIihuRTKpUoFIpBa0p7e3un5Cypw8mh0+nYt28fiYmJxMbGWlWmr6+PDz/8kLNnz5KcnMz9998/7FeDGAwGWltbEUKY5eju7qawsHBKnqDocHKUlZXR29vLvffea9UazrNnz/LWW28REhLCH/7wB6Kjo/Hy8ho2b19fH0qlkpiYGLy8vGhpaeHll19mxYoVJCQkjPWlTHocSg6NRsOxY8dYuHAhkZGRIz47MZlM5OTkmB+5r1q1asT9LTqdjpdeeomPP/4YmUzGoUOH8Pb2ZvPmzTavUHcWHOqKv/32W9zc3Fi8ePGI8w5nz57l1Vdfxd3dnb179xIZGXnDpX0eHh5s3bqVLVu2mNNkMhleXl5TUgxwIDl6e3spKCggODh4yMEp8J+WQqlU8sknn5Cfn096ejqPPvoo3t7eVtV/XQSJ/+IwclRXV9Pf38/SpUsHPXEVQtDR0UFVVRUffPABHh4e7Nq1i1tvvdWO0ToHDiFHX18f33//PV5eXoN2simVSurr68nNzeXKlSs88sgjpKSkSC3AGGGzHO3t7eTn5w9KW7RokdW3laOhubmZ2tpaVq5cyYwZM1AoFPzwww+UlJTQ0NDAkiVLePrpp206dkHixtgsh1arJS8vD4VCQXJyMt9//z3l5eX85S9/GZddYAMDA1y4cAGDwUBYWBgnTpygsrKSrq4uoqOjWbt2rXk2U2JssVmOWbNmsXz5cvR6PU899RSHDx/m008/pb29fVzk6OnpoaioiPb2dj744ANkMhmxsbEkJiZy6623So/Xx5FRjTlKSkp4/PHHUalUVFZWEhUVNeThl0qlYvXq1TcdoE6n48qVK6SkpJCUlMSCBQuIiIiYcntI7MGo5Dh27BhlZWX4+PiwdOlSNmzYgI+Pz6A8Pj4+PP/88zcdYEtLCzt27OC5555DLpc7/c72yYTNcjQ1NTFnzhxyc3ORyWR4e3vj4+NDRUUFLS0tLF++HE9PT9zd3a06+lqv11NQUEBvby9r164d8npDQwOenp6EhobaGqrETWJThy2EoLS0lHvuuYfQ0FBCQkLMLYa3tzc//fQTAwMDNgVQVVXFM888Q1NTk03lJMYfm1qOnTt38uabb+Ll5UViYiIZGRnm14xGIwaDAZPJZHV9165d47vvviMrK4tr165hMpmkAeYkwqb/xJ///Geampq4cOHCIDHgv3s/NBqNVXUJIfjmm29oa2vD3d0dvV7PtWvXbAlHYpwZsxnSxMREEhMTrc5/9epVCgoKaG1tpbOzk5CQEJRKpVMfwOZo2GX6vKenh6NHj5KdnU1ERATnz59n//79dHR02CMcCQtMuByXLl3i3Xff5fTp08TFxeHl5UV+fj6nTp0CYN68edI0+CRhwuXw9vYmOTmZO+64g+DgYDw8PEhMTCQsLIzAwMApuT9ksjLhcoSEhLBmzZpBaUuXLp3oMCSsQLpvlLCIJIeERSQ5JCwiySFhEUkOCYtIckwxNBoNVVVVI37lyHUkOaYYRqORpqYmdu3axWeffTZi3nGb5+js7GTjxo03XY9araa2tnZM6poItFotjY2NkzpetVrN559/TmhoKKdPn+bFF18cdqO4TAghxiOAvLy88ahWYgxQKBTs2rWLmJgY0tPTWbVq1bAz0+Mmh8TkpKuri9OnT+Pu7s6CBQsICAiwuPRSkmOKodVqEULg4eFxwz3AkhwSFplU2yGNRiNdXV34+vqad8WbTCa6u7uZNm3akBXukxG9Xk9zc/OgNLlcjq+vLzKZjK6uLkwmk83npY6G9vZ21Go1bm5uyOVyTCYTKpUKg8FAYGAg3t7eIx5jMaluZWtqati8eTM//vijOa27u5u3336bL7/80o6RWU9DQwMPPPAAy5YtIysri5SUFN555x16e3sBePvtt8nJyZmQWN59913uvPNOsrKyOH/+PGfOnOG3v/0tDz/8MMXFxTdc7ztpWg6VSkVRURHl5eXodDpzuhCCoKAgfv3rX9sxOuuZO3cu2dnZ9PT0sG7dOv72t7+h1WrNq/KNRiOZmZkTEsuTTz5JY2MjS5YsITk5mdbWVv70pz+xcOFCwsPDb1h+UsgxMDBAdXU1cXFxzJs3D7VajRDCfGbG0qVLbT7P3F709/dTWlpKf38//f39zJgxg/T0dHM3kpaWNmHrZIODg4mPj6elpQWtVsu5c+cIDw+3SgyYJN1KfX09Bw8e5MMPP6ShoYHa2lrzJ83Dw8OhNkrr9XrOnz9PQkICrq6uCCEGNd8TebaYTCYjMDCQq1evolAocHd3JzIy0urydm851Go1ly9f5q677sLT0xNvb28UCgUGg8Ehtz62t7fj5+fHpk2bUCqVZGdn8+WXXzJ//vwJP2xfJpMhl8upqqriypUrhIaG2nRkpl3lMBqN1NXVoVKpePjhh/Hw8EAIQV5ens075yYLP/zwg3mLRk1NDY2Njdx33312EV0mkxEeHk5zczOtra22f0+dsBMmk0ns27dPBAUFiUWLFon8/Hxx4sQJsXDhQjFjxgyxadMme4U2al566SXh7+8v/Pz8REREhIiMjBT/+te/hFartVtMly9fFhkZGaK3t9fmsnadBBP/rz++vg3y+u/XvxfWkTCZTPzv2+ni4jKqrxMbS0a7zVSaIZWwiGN9NCUmFEkOCYtIckhYRJJDwiKSHBIWkeSQsIgkh4RFJDkkLCLJIWERSQ4Ji0hySFhEkkPCIpIcEhaR5JCwyP8BCgwOIYpEvBcAAAAASUVORK5CYII=)
Physics-General
Physics-
Heat energy absorbed by a system in going through a cyclic process shown in figure is
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Heat energy absorbed by a system in going through a cyclic process shown in figure is
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Physics-General
Physics-
An ideal gas is taken around the cycle ABCA as shown in the P-V diagram. The net work done by the gas during the cycle is equal to
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
An ideal gas is taken around the cycle ABCA as shown in the P-V diagram. The net work done by the gas during the cycle is equal to
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Physics-General