Physics-
General
Easy
Question
For one complete cycle of a thermodynamic process on a gas as shown in the P-V diagram, Which of following is correct
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
The correct answer is: ![capital delta E subscript i n t end subscript](data:image/png;base64,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)
, for a complete cycle and for given cycle work done is negative, so from first law of thermodynamics Q will be negative i.e.
.
Related Questions to study
Physics-
When a system is taken from state i to a state f along path if,
and
Along path if,
If
for the curved return path f i, Q for this path is
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
When a system is taken from state i to a state f along path if,
and
Along path if,
If
for the curved return path f i, Q for this path is
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Physics-General
Physics-
A sample of ideal monoatomic gas is taken round the cycle ABCA as shown in the figure. The work done during the cycle is
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
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41efJkwsPD5Y7RK6NHjyYyMlLuGLJS1Mh19913k5ycLHeMXqmsrCQnJ0fuGLJSVLl27NjBsWPH5I7RKxcvXmTPnj1yxwCuLpCsqqpiz549XQsVB0K/lstgMPTn4bopLi5WzJxrxIgRpKamyh0DuHrPi5EjR2Kz2Vi8eDHbt2/v9X3HlixZQnx8PFFRURQVFXHmzBmioqKIiori3XffvfnOoh+9/fbbQpIk9cODPwAhSZJYvHixqKmp6fF7Wl1dLeLj48Xu3buFEEK0tLSI3bt3i8LCwh737dfFgirP1d7eTl5eHp988glTpkzhscceY/jw4b3a94UXXuAXv/gFzzzzDD/88AMHDhxg4cKFPe6nqJ8WVT+PEIL6+nqEEKxdu5aRI0f2af/Y2FgqKipob28nNzeXRx55pFf7eXS52tra+Pbbb7ly5QpRUVGYzWZKSkooLy8H4LHHHuvXd+7ciry8PKqrq/Hy8mLGjBk4HA727t0LwO23386YMWNkyyZJEhEREURERPys/aOjo9mzZw8nTpwgMTGx1797yTO+Mzdgt9vJzs7mlVdeobi4GIfDQVFREVlZWRQWFnrU7byLi4tZuHAhOTk5XLlyhYaGBrKzs9m1axf19fVyx7slERERHD16lPz8fKZOndr7HW9lAu9uTqdTHD58WMydO1ecPHlSCCHE119/Lb777jtht9tlTne9y5cvizvuuEPk5OQIIYSorKwUWVlZoq6uTuZkt66srEykpqaK8+fP92k/jx65JEkiLCyM8PBwGhoaOHnyJE6nk7Fjx3Z7K5rc/P39MZvNlJeX09LSQlFREePGjVPM4sabiYqKYsOGDSQkJPRpP4+ec8HV9zgaDAbq6+txOp1ERkb2+qecgRYfH991762WlhbGjx8vd6R+4evry8SJE/u8n0ePXAA+Pj7o9Xqys7NxOBwkJSXR2trKpk2bKC0tlTvedWJiYjh9+jQbN27kkUcewel0cvr0abZt20Z+fj5tbW1yRxxQiiiXEILGxkaio6PRaDQYDAbsdjtWq1XueNeJiooiNzeXlJQUfHx8aG1t5T//+Q+xsbHs3buX2tpauSMOKI9/WdTpdKSlpRETE0NiYiIATqez6/4SniQyMpIFCxYwc+ZM4OrlsIiICEpLS5kxY8aQe/e1IsqVkZFx3ddsNhu+vr7YbDaZUrkWERHBhg0buj63Wq0cOXKEpqYmtFotDoej230yBjP18o/KbTx+zqVSLrVcKrdRy6VyG7VcKrdRy6VyG7VcKrdRy6Vym/8CNvFNl4GLR2YAAAAASUVORK5CYII=)
A sample of ideal monoatomic gas is taken round the cycle ABCA as shown in the figure. The work done during the cycle is
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
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)
Physics-General
Physics-
A system changes from the state
to
as shown in the figure. What is the work done by the system
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
A system changes from the state
to
as shown in the figure. What is the work done by the system
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Physics-General
Physics-
An ideal monoatomic gas is taken round the cycle ABCDA as shown in following P-V diagram. The work done during the cycle is
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)
An ideal monoatomic gas is taken round the cycle ABCDA as shown in following P-V diagram. The work done during the cycle is
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Physics-General
Physics-
The P-V graph of an ideal gas cycle is shown here as below. The adiabatic process is described by
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
The P-V graph of an ideal gas cycle is shown here as below. The adiabatic process is described by
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Physics-General
Physics-
A thermodynamic system undergoes cyclic process ABCDA as shown in figure. The work done by the system is
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAJEAAACLCAYAAABhlXveAAAfxUlEQVR4nO2deViU9fr/XzPDKrvKKosobuCOFOoRTS0Nl8ol3CrNy1xSyw5JLp1j6elkmqYlqRw1EVtQ03JNcwn0CIL7DiogCAKyDTAwzDDP7w++zi+OIAzDsOTzuq6uq5n5PM/ndnjP89zP/bnv+yMRBEFAREQPpI1tgEjzRxSRiN6IIhLRG1FEInojikhEb0QRieiNKCIRvRFFJKI3oohE9EYUkYjeiCIS0RtRRCJ6I4pIRG90FtGhQ4fo3LkzdnZ2uLi44ObmxgcffIBKpTKEfSLNACNdDwgMDCQpKQl7e3vGjx/P6dOnmTt3LleuXMHX19cQNoo0cep0O4uKisLT0xNBEMjPz8fV1RUXF5f6tk2kmSDRNSktJyeHgQMHMmHCBMzNzUlLS2Po0KGMGDGiyvGCIFBcXIylpWW9GCzS9ND5SnTv3j06deqEiYkJxsbGBAUFVSsggPz8fEJDQyksLNTLUJGmi84+UUJCAgMGDGDWrFmYmZnVOH737t2EhYXRq1cvXnzxxToZaSiioqKIiIggNzdX+97u3bsb0aLKlJeXc/DgQcLDw7XvWVtbExISQqdOnRrRssrodCXavHkzy5cvZ926dcTHx9c4vqioiNDQUFJTU4mIiKCgoKDOhtY3v/76K1988QUDBgwgJCSELl26IJFIGtusSkilUjp16oSLiwsBAQHMmTOH9PR0oqKiUCqVjW2eFp1ENGnSJKKiooiJicHPz6/G8ZGRkcyaNQsXFxdeffVVYmJi6mxofZKYmMjx48d58803mTBhAn5+fkydOpXnnnuusU2rhEQioUWLFgiCwEsvvYRKpcLKyoru3btjYmLS2Ob9fwQDcvr0aSEvL0/o1q2boFAohOTkZCE/P9+QU9aKI0eOCCNHjhRSUlIa25QauXbtmiCTyQQTExMhKChISEhIEDQaTWObVQmDRqz79++v/X9zc3M8PDywsbEx5JQ1olAouHHjBubm5lhZWTWqLTVRXl7OrVu3WLx4MUqlkqlTpxISEsL58+cb27RKPHPLHjKZDCsrK0pKSsjJyQGgrKyMs2fPUlxc3MjWVUaj0ZCeno6npycAxsbG5OXlUVJS0siWVUbnp7PmjqmpKQEBAZw4cYLVq1fTt29fysrKuHDhAkuWLMHCwqKxTdTy888/c+jQIXr27Mn27duJjo7G19cXLy+vxjatEjoHG3UlPz+fgIAArly5YshpdObChQvs27cPACsrK6ZPn07Lli0b2arKrF27lry8PO3rNm3aEBgYiJubWyNa9STPrIhE6g+db2dnzpwhNDRUG6AzNTXllVdeYdq0afVunEjzQGcRdevWjR49eiCRSAgMDOTcuXOEhYXh6+tL9+7dDWGjSBOn2qczjUbDP//5T6ytrXFxcWHdunVARdg9NTWVHj164OPjo3VMa7ME8iwgl8sJDQ3l3LlzjW1Kg1HtlSgpKYmff/6ZhIQEbty4QWRkJJcvX6Zr165ER0fz/vvvk5WVxdq1axk9ejQdO3asdpLy8nLy8vIwMTHB3NwcpVKJUqlEIpFgY2NDeXk5crkcmUyGubk5ACUlJZSXl2NpaYmxsTFyuRyNRqM9h0KhoKysDFNTU8zNzSktLaW0tBSZTIalpSUqlYqSkhIkEgmWlpZIJBIKCgq0UWCZTIZCoUCtViORSNDXNVQoFERGRrJ582aWLl1Khw4dKjnF+vD4ezE2Nq6X89U3T3Ws1Wo1aWlp/P777+Tl5TF79mzu3bvH22+/TVlZGcbGxsyYMYNZs2ZV+iOam5tjZFShz/z8fJydnenUqRNDhw5l0aJF/Pjjj+zcuRNLS0sOHjxIYmIikyZNom3btgQHByOTyVi9ejV3795lw4YN9O/fn7Fjx5KamsqYMWOYO3cuq1at4pdffmHMmDEEBwezbds2wsLC8Pb25ssvvyQmJoZ169YhlUrZsmUL5ubmDB8+HFtbW4KDg/Hy8mL16tXEx8eTk5NDUVER7u7uSKV1C50J/5db9Tiu8/jHoP2i67AuJwgCDx8+xN7eno0bN1YK3jYlnioiuVzO119/zf379xk5ciT9+vUjNjaWuLg4PvzwQ1q0aAFUBOvOnz9PdnY2MpmMLl260LZtW6RSabN4Ohs2bBglJSWEhYXptToeHR3Ntm3bmDp1Kr169dI7Ip6fn8+8efPIzs7myJEjep3LkDz1Z2dtbc2SJUuYN28eJ06cYNOmTfzwww8kJiaSkZGhHVdQUEBqaipubm4UFRVx79491Gq1wY2vLwICAvD392fFihV65T0NGDCArVu3YmJiQlFRkd52RUZGkpubS0BAgN7nMiTViujy5cvs2rULAJVKhSAICIKgdaj/jKmpKZaWlmRmZlJWVoaNjU2dbwuNwbvvvsvf//53iouLiYyM1Pt8/v7+ODs763WO2NhY9uzZw0cffcScOXP0tsmgVLcye/fuXcHPz0+YPHmyMHnyZGHDhg1CTk5OlWPLy8uFzMxM4c6dO0JCQoIgl8u1nz1exW/KbN26VcjKyhKuX78ujBgxQoiLi2tUe3Jzc4UxY8YI27dvF9LS0oRt27Y1qj01Ua2INBqNEBsbK0RFRQlxcXHCo0eP6jRBcxDR6NGjhVu3bgmCIAhhYWHC+PHjK/0QGppVq1YJs2fPFoqKioSbN28Kr7zySqPZUhuqfcSXSCRNLknLUFhaWiKTyQAYO3YsV65c4YcffuCdd95pcFuOHj3KsWPH+Oqrr7CwsNCGLJo0hlZpc7gS/W+S161bt4Rx48Y1+G1NoVAIU6ZMEcLDwwWVSlWtfU2N5uP9GpBbt25VytFxdXVl0KBBfP/99w2WF65WqwkPD8fR0ZGXXnpJG2crKSnh1q1bDWJDXRFFBLz//vskJydrX1tYWBAYGIiZmRmHDh0yeFK8IAjExcURExPDqFGjsLe3136WlJTEggULDDq/vogiAjw8PDA1Na30Xtu2bRk0aBBRUVFcuHCB8vJyg82fnZ3N4cOH8fX1xdfXt1J4xNTUFA8PD4PNXR+IIgJmzpyJo6NjpfckEgl+fn7Y2toSFhZGWloaQL1flUpKSjh+/DhqtZrAwMAnnGgnJ6dGcfB1QRQRFRkLQhWrP3Z2dgQFBZGWlkZ4eDh3797lzp079TavIAgkJiZy5swZ+vbtW+UVRxAENBpNvc1pCEQRAZs2bSIrK6vKz7p3787EiRP59ddf2b17d72meMjlco4cOYKXlxeDBg3Shhn+TGZmJps2baq3OQ2BKCIgNTW12ttURkYGpaWlqNVqQkNDuX//fr3MKQgCZ86cIT4+ntdff73axVqlUqm9lTZVRBEBX3zxRbXOq5OTE0OHDmXQoEHk5uZy6tSpepkzKSmJ+fPnI5PJnrrO5uHhwcqVK+tlTkMhigjw9vZ+Iv/nMTKZjA4dOrB27VoWL17M9evX9cpQkMvlfPzxx/j4+JCRkYGzs/NTc41atGiBt7d3nedrCEQRAbNnzyYpKanGcYsWLWLSpEksW7aMsrKyOs2VnJxM69atMTU15YUXXqhxtf/evXtNfhVfFBEVzmtte04uWbKEqKgoTpw4Uae5zM3N+fHHH/H19WXNmjVPhBb+F5VKRWZmZp3maiieuQrYqhg9ejR2dna1Gmtvb8/ChQuJjIykS5cuOgUCCwsL2bp1K8899xzTpk3D3d29xlujnZ0do0ePrvUcjYF4JQImTpxIq1ataj1+8ODBtGvXjs2bN9c6E1KlUvHbb7+RmZnJkiVL6NmzJ6ampjWWRLdu3ZqJEyfW2rbGQBQRsG7dOh4+fFjr8ebm5owePZrs7Gyio6NrdUxCQgKnTp0iKChIW64tkUhq7DOUkZGhLddqqogioqLtnlwur/V4iURC586dCQwM5OTJkzVGsYuLi9m/fz8eHh48//zz2hX62iCXy4mKiqr1+MZAZxEdPXqUgQMH0qVLF7p06ULv3r1Zs2aNIWxrMHTxiR5jYmJCv379kEql7N69+6ltaU6ePElGRgbDhg3TuT9Ty5YtGTVqlE7HNDi6JiCpVCph06ZNwtatW4XCwkLhwIEDQs+ePatN4GoOSWkqlapOiV8ajUY4e/asMGfOHOG///1vlWMSEhKE+fPnC5GRkUJ5eXmlz9LT04WAgADBwsJCsLCwELZs2VLlHH9OUGuKVHslUqvVfPDBB7Rs2RIbGxsWLlyISqXCyMiI+Ph42rZti6WlJa6urpibm+v8S25KfPfdd2RnZ+t8nEQiwd/fn169erFv3z4ePHhQ6XOFQsHJkycxNTVl8ODBlVI8cnNz8fPz47333qOoqIhTp07xyy+/PBE6yMrKYvv27XX7hzUQ1YooPT2dmzdvcvv2bX799VcePnxIbGwspaWlxMbGIpFIiIuLY9OmTUycOJH27ds3pN31yq5du7Rd0+rCiBEjyMzM5NSpU9ogZHl5OZcuXSIuLo5XX331iae/2bNns3DhQsaMGQNAnz59cHZ25u7du5XW8XJycrSlW02Vaj08d3d3Dh8+jFwuJzMzk169euHi4sKtW7ewsbFh1apVmJqa8vrrrzNhwgTkcjmFhYWYmJhgY2PTtLqb1kD37t211bx1wdnZmRkzZrBlyxa6d+9Ot27dyMzMJCIigq5du9KnT59K4/Py8jh27BgbNmzQvqdSqVCpVE+kfVhYWNCtW7c629YQPPUxIT09nZ9++gkjIyNGjRpFu3bt2LdvH8OHD2fBggXa9abS0lIuXbpEUVERarWajh070rFjx2ZTwBgSEoKtra1e5+jfvz9xcXF8++23rFmzhv379yORSAgKCnriB5WQkICTkxOtW7fWvnf37l00Gg3e3t6VsixdXFwICQnRyzZDU+1f+dGjRwQHB/P5559z5coVduzYwcqVK/nPf/5DdHQ09+7d046Vy+VkZGTg4uJCaWkpqampzWrrqujoaJ0e8atj4sSJyOVyNm/ezMGDB5k2bRpOTk5PjHN3d0cQBG7evAnA/fv3iYiIwNvbmy5dulQaW1hYWOtYVGNR7ZXI1NSUUaNGaR8vTUxMMDU1pV27dqjV6kqOtIWFBba2tqSkpKBQKOjQoUOlWEhqaiqTJk3ShvuPHj3K4cOHadGiBV999RWpqaksWbIEFxcXpkyZgkwmY8eOHaSlpRESEkKPHj1YuHAhDx8+ZPDgwQQFBREeHs4ff/zBCy+8wBtvvMH+/fvZu3cvnp6eLFiwgGvXrvH9998jlUr5+OOPMTMzY968eVhZWTFlyhTc3NzYsWMHN2/eJC4ujoMHD7Ju3Tru3LlD9+7dWbBgAQcPHmTXrl306dOHN954g/Pnz7Njxw4sLCz45JNPyM3NJTQ0lLKyMubMmYOnpyePHj1i5cqVTJkyhZ49e1b53To7O/Pvf/+bWbNm0aZNG0xMTOjWrRvjxo2rdHWCivzrnTt38tprr+n1hzYk9dKzURAECgsLKS0tRaPRYGNjo73V5efn4+vrS3h4OK1ataJ9+/ZkZGSQnp6OkZERvr6+FBcXc/nyZczNzfH09EQikZCUlIRCocDb2xs7OzsuXrxIaWkpjo6OeHh4kJSURGZmJo6Ojnh6evLgwQNSU1OxtLSkc+fO5Ofnk5KSAlR0d5NKpcTHx2NsbIynpyctWrQgKSmJgoICVqxYwfr16yktLaWwsBBbW1s6d+5Meno6KSkptGrVCk9PT3JyckhOTsbIyIhu3bpRVlZGQkICGo2Gjh07YmFhwQcffMDVq1exsbFh9+7d1fqGGo2Gs2fPAhUR8LZt21bZeDQhIYFly5bx/fff6/tnMhyGjiE0hzjRo0eP6iUWExMTI/Tt21e4c+eO8M477wibNm3S+5wqlarOJewNRfPwfA2MWq3Wu1NacXExX3/9NQsXLqR9+/Z89NFH7Nq1i4sXL+p1XkEQmnybHlFEwJtvvqlXFYdKpWLHjh24u7szePBgoMLvGTduHDt27NCrA35iYiJvvfVWnY9vCEQRUZEjVNd+iBqNhpiYGM6cOcOYMWO0CfdmZmYEBgZibGzMrl276lyvZmxsXKkitikiioiqixdrS1ZWFidPnmTw4MF07ty5Ur60i4sLQ4YM4ezZs9y4caNO53d0dGTmzJl1OrahEEVExUq5LukZj3lcvSqVShk6dOgT1asymQw/Pz86derEyZMn67S0YmRk1OTXJUURUVG8qGses0aj4dq1a5w9exY/Pz/atGlT5Tg7OzsCAwNJTk7m1KlTOt/WxOLFZsLt27d1dn7z8vI4evQoHh4e2ryi6mjXrh0BAQEcP35cpwxKqLjaJSQk6HRMQyOKiIpSoOquJFWhVqs5d+4cKSkpTJ48ucZWw0ZGRrz88ss4ODiwe/dunQTr6urKokWLaj2+UTB0IKo5BBvVarVOSWkpKSlCUFCQsGfPHp2P8/f3F/74449aH6PRaAS1Wl3r8Y2BeCWiogXxn5tcPQ1BEIiIiKBdu3aMGTNGp0757u7uBAcHM3PmTG7fvo1CoagxGJmUlMTcuXNrPUdjIIqIilX02jq8sbGx/P7773XuGfTaa6/RtWtXAgMDiY2NrbGVnlKprLcmEoZCFBEwaNAgrK2taxz34MEDFi9eTHBwMG3btq3TXLm5ucyePZuHDx+yaNGiGsu3ra2tGTRoUJ3maihEEQHz5s2rMu/nz2RnZ7Ny5UoUCgWBgYF1nkutVpOXl8fIkSO5du0a6enpTx3v7Ows3s6aA09L1Fer1Vy8eJGVK1cSERGh9z6xTk5OjB07ln/84x+MGTOGxMREFApFteObdaL+s8S+ffu025H+GbVajVwu58KFCxw4cAClUllvTTi9vb21oYWn9TzKzc3VbnjcVBFFBAwZMqTKokKpVIogCFy+fBm1Ws306dPrrVeQRCLBy8uLcePGcfjwYRITE6scZ2Njw5AhQ+plTkMhigiYNWtWlQuwUqmUEydOcPLkSd566y3mz5+Pq6trvc1rbGyMn58fdnZ27Nmzh9LS0ifGODk5iQuwzYEDBw5UudVmQkICu3fvxsvLS1tbN3DgwHqd297entGjR/PgwQNiY2Of+DwvL48DBw7U65z1jSgiYPv27U841qWlpRw/fhw3NzdWr15N27ZtkUgkejvWVdGnTx/69OnDwYMHSU1NrfRZVlYW4eHh9T5nfSKKiIpI8p9rvcrLyzl37hxXr15l3LhxtG/fvk6pIrowdOhQFAoFp0+frhT4NDU1xd3d3aBz64soImD58uW4ublpX2dkZLB37158fHzw9fVtEBvatGnDhAkTiIqK4tq1a9pKWHd3dz799NMGsaGu1OrnlZuby+nTpyutL7m5uTXpWihduHnzJr6+vhgbG6NSqThx4gRKpZLx48c36Dbi/fv3Jz4+np07d9K5c2csLCxQKBTcunWrxmBoY1KrK5EgCNy9e5fo6GgePXpEdnY2ixYtatI7TOvCxo0btUlpFy9e5MiRI7z99ts4ODg0qB2Py67lcrnWmc7MzOTbb79tUDt0pVZXolatWtGhQweMjY0JCgrC0tKS0NDQOrVjaYoI/1cupFAo2LBhA3/729+qrV41NM7OzsyZM4fg4GB8fHyaRWOMWvtEj0tq7OzsiIyMxMfH5y+zvednn32Gm5sbW7ZswdramsmTJxvckX4aPXv25JVXXmH58uW4u7vzr3/9q9FsqQ21ElFOTg537tzh448/xtPTk2PHjhEREVFjRl9zwcbGhmvXrrF161ZCQkJ0bolX30ilUt555x2MjY3Ztm1bo9tTI7XJXEtOTha++OKLJzLyysrKhPXr1wsnT54ULl++XOWxzSGz8aWXXhK6dOkiREZG6nUejUYj5OXlCWvXrhXOnj2rt1337t0TWrZsKQwbNkzvcxmSGq/ZSqWSq1evkp2djaWlJRqNRpuUfuTIERwdHXF2dubEiRO4urpWGYwrKysjOTkZCwsLWrZsSWFhIXK5HKlUSps2bVCpVKSnp2NsbKw9Pi8vj7KyMhwdHTE3N+fBgweo1WqsrKywtbUlNzeXoqIirKyssLOzQy6Xk5+fj6mpKfb29pSWlmqj0E5OTkgkEtLS0pDJZNjZ2WFiYkJubq52PzEPDw969OhR6wzH/6WkpIS9e/fy3XffERwcjJOTU53P9Zjy8nKmT59e55q1hqJGEd27d4+wsDDy8vJwd3fHy8tLm8D12G9QKpXVbrACkJaWxptvvsnAgQNZsGABP//8M7t27cLS0pIff/yRpKQkZsyYgbu7O3PnzkUmk/HNN9+QlJTEqlWreP7551m0aBEPHjxg1KhRzJgxg7CwMA4fPszIkSOZN28ee/bsYfv27XTq1IkVK1YQHx/Pxo0bkUqlrF+/nuLiYkaNGoW3tzdz587F09OTb775hvLycjp06EBCQgIzZsyo8xcpCALZ2dncv3+fjRs3EhERUelzXdJo/4yxsXGl/KXCwkISExMrdau1tLSkV69edTO8HtCrtUxBQQGnTp3C1dUVjUaDn5/fE2Py8/MJCAho1HCAQqFg2bJlWFtbs3Tp0ic+T0pKwsXF5Yl9YHUlJiaGH374gVdffZXevXvXiy+jVCpJT0/H09MTqOiotnTpUi5evEjv3r3RaDSkp6ezfPnyel/XqzWGvl82BZ/o0KFDwvjx44WpU6dW+fnChQuFlJSUepsvPj5eyMzMrJdzJScnCyEhIZXeW7dunfDpp58KZWVlglKpFNavXy+MHDlSyMjIqJc5deUvv+xx584d8vPzee+996rN2bl06dJTm5nriq+vb70FKouLi7l06VKl92JiYvDx8UEmk2FiYsLw4cOxsrJ6ogVyQ/GX32Xom2++ITY2FnNzc27fvs2jR4+eaGk3e/bsOjd0MDROTk7Mnj1b+zo9PZ3k5GTat2+vfcBRKpXk5uZiYWHRKDb+pUV05MgRRowYwbRp0wAYN24c6enpT4jocQuYpoidnR0vv/yy9nVGRgYeHh7aJg8qlYrz58/j4+NDu3btGsXGv+zt7Pbt2+Tn5+Pt7U2PHj3o0aMHXl5eXLhw4YmxixcvbrK1XSkpKSxevFj7+tatW9r+kABffvkl3377LStWrGi8JRJDO12N4VjHxcUJL7zwgmBlZSUsXbpUyM/PFwYMGCBYWVkJHTt2FKKioiqNHzZsmHDjxo0GtbG2XL9+XRg+fLggCIKwYcMGwcXFRbCystL+t2TJkka2sBbBxuZInz59ntgj42nbPfXq1avR/ImasLCw0C4Gz5kzp0nuB1svLYifRlOIE9WEUqnExMSkzgFBQyIIAmVlZXrHsAzJX9Yn0oW9e/dWWXfWFMjJyRHrzpoD27ZtIysrq7HNqJKsrCy2bdvW2GY8lb+kT6Qr/fr1a7JpLVZWVvTt29egc3z44YdkZ2fj5ubGu+++y/nz57XbY33yySc1Vv2KVyL06x5raBqieNHf35/9+/fj4+ODtbU1Tk5OdOzYkcDAwFqVSIkiomIZobZbkzc0hYWFVRY11iejRo3C398fJycnWrRoQWFhIX379q3Ul/tpiCKiontsU/WJGqJ7rLGxMe3atSMjI4ObN29SUFBA7969a50iLIqIilhMU93gTyqV1ksMq6ys7KkNR9u0aUNKSgoqlQoHBwed0lia5jfXwHz11Vd17nxmaDw9PVm7dq1e51Cr1Vy4cIGdO3dy/fr1Km/dTk5OnDp1iuvXr+vsyDfI05lCoWDPnj0NMdVfFn39IqVSSXR0NJ999hnTp09n0qRJeHh4IJVKkUgkODo6olQq6d27t87nNriIzMzMGDduHKdPnzb0VLXmwYMHHDhwgJKSEm0zhcjISHJzczEzM2PWrFmNbSJQEb8qKCjAycmJ4cOHc/PmTa2Y3nrrLZ22a1CpVKSmpiIIApcuXSIgIAA3Nzftbbxr1668//77dOrUSWc7G0REn3/+uaGn0YnHCfQpKSksW7aMwYMH4+rqyu3bt/H3928y61OtWrVi7dq1fPjhh7z99tucOXOGvXv34ubmxvz582stIo1Gw/379/njjz8wMjKiX79+uLq6VnKc3dzcKvUj0IVnMtjo5ubG2LFjtRmCpqamODg4MGnSJG0uc0OSmppKeHg4ly9fBmD16tW4u7szc+ZMoqKi6Nu3L7a2tlhbWzNlyhT8/f0xMzPTaQ5TU1OGDBmCg4NDvaeMPJOOtUwmw8XFBXNzcwoLCzl+/DgdOnRolBYuSqWS3377jaSkJGbNmoWVlRWbN29GqVRiZWWFl5cXDx8+5M6dOxQUFODt7a2zgKRSKQ4ODri6uhok5+iZvBIB2rInuVxOTk4OgwYNQiaTNbgdJiYmTJw4kfHjx2Ntbc3169e19XBSqRRnZ2cyMjJo3749tra2dd5Az5D/tmfySgQVa1IajYbQ0FC6deuGg4MDgiCwZs0aoqKiiIuLaxA7JBIJFhYWWFlZ8fXXX5Oens67776LmZkZUqkUe3t7jh07xtWrV/nb3/4GwE8//cTvv//OwYMHG8TGmnhmRWRpaUlBQQH29vbanOvffvuN1q1b0759e6Kjoxuk64kgCKSnpzNz5kyuXbvG66+/jkKhQKPRIJFIsLW15eHDh3Tt2hWAK1euoFQq8fPz4/jx4zV25G8IntnbmaWlJS+++CKurq7aW4SRkRESiYSSkhJatGjRIHaUlZURHR2tLWdasGABDg4OfPfdd5ibm9O1a1emT59Ojx49gIrbklQqpbCwsFZbSTQEBs9sbE4UFRVx7Ngx2rVrR2Fhofb20ZQoLS3l7NmztG7dmoSEBMaOHdvYJokiEtGfZ9YnEqk/RBGJ6I0oIhG9EUUkojeiiET0RhSRiN6IIhLRG1FEInojikhEb0QRieiNKCIRvRFFJKI3oohE9EYUkYjeiCIS0RtRRCJ6I4pIRG/+H9Zz4moBdvRdAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC)
A thermodynamic system undergoes cyclic process ABCDA as shown in figure. The work done by the system is
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Physics-General
Physics-
A system is taken through a cyclic process represented by a circle as shown. The heat absorbed by the system is
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
A system is taken through a cyclic process represented by a circle as shown. The heat absorbed by the system is
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Physics-General
Physics-
In the diagrams (i) to (iv) of variation of volume with changing pressure is shown. A gas is taken along the path ABCD. The change in internal energy of the gas will be
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAHoAAAB1CAYAAACBD/UxAAANgElEQVR4nO2dW0wUVwPHf6y4gDtc3GWFhUUWQayI16glDWjjBWut1cSW1KbWmvSpD7XGtDZp+2Ab09RoalMfqtXaNkWjmGKJmmraesEYFWwsKCyCAnJ3YVnGVZa9sN8Dcfv5KZ8Kw16c+SUblsnunH/2l3Nm5syZc8K8Xq8XhWceVaADKPgHRbRMUETLBEW0TFBEywRFtExQRMsERbRMGLbotrY2KXIojDDDEm2z2Vi5cqUiOwQYsuj+/n62bNlCdXU1hw4dor+/X8pcChIzZNENDQ1cvnwZp9PJpUuXuHHjhpS5FCRmyKIvX77M1q1bGTt2LB9//DGNjY04nU4psylISNhQ7141NjaSmppKSkoK9fX13Llzh4iICMaMGSN1RgUJCB/qF1NTU//dSXg4Y8eOlSSQwsgwZNHDoaqqij179lBXV+fblpaWxjfffBOIOLIgIB0m95t8o9HIxo0b+eKLL6isrOS9994LRBxZ8IDo1atXo9Vq0Wq1NDQ0cO7cObRaLSkpKZLWNo1Gg8ViYerUqcyZM4fp06dTWFjIyZMnqa6ulqwchX/xNd1dXV18+eWXVFZWsm/fPkwmE/Hx8Xz//fdMmzaNiRMnSlZoV1cXtbW1LFiwwHfyptFoMBgMyvX4COETrdPp0Ol0ZGZm0t7ejtfrpaWlBbvdLqlkgKamJtRqNYIg+LZdvXoVh8PBuHHjJC1LYYCHjtEmk4nW1lbsdjvHjh1j7dq1khd6+/ZtUlNTiY+PB8BsNnPw4EE2bNiAXq+XvDyFR5x1p6am0tzczJ9//snixYslL7CqqooDBw5gtVopLi4mJiaGhoYG9Ho9b775puTlKQzwkGij0UhRURGpqamsXLlS8gIdDgcZGRkAOJ1OOjs7WbZsGbm5uZKX5Q+2b99Od3c3AGq1mhdffJF58+YFONXDPCQ6KSkJrVbLihUrRqTAWbNmMWvWrBHZtz+xWq188skn9Pf3k5ubS0dHB6WlpWRlZQU62iN5SPTUqVP5+uuvlWPlY9i9ezcAn332GUajkc7OTlJSUkhLSwtwskcz5L7u+6SkpNDU1CRJmLq6OpYsWeLrMxcEgdjYWGJjY9Fqteh0OvR6PUlJSb5XfHw8arVakvKfFIvFwksvvcSOHTvIy8sDBm7b9vX1MWrUKL/neRIC0gU6GE6nk7S0NI4cOcLdu3cRRRGbzYbVaqWrq4vbt2/T0NDA2bNnaWpqoqmpCVEU0el0TJw4kcmTJ/temZmZ6PV6+vr6uHnzJmfOnMFgMJCfn09UVNSwcprNZrq6unjuued821Qq1bD3O5IElWgY+MEEQUAQBBISEh77eYfDQUdHBzdu3KC2thaz2czRo0epr69HFEV6enq4c+cO+fn5fPrpp9hsNvr6+lCr1ajVasLDn/4nUKvVqFQqRFFEr9fj9Xq5d+8eTqczaG/uBFXTXVVVxQcffMDJkyeHvS+Px0N9fT0//vgjhw8fJjw8HEEQiIyMZMaMGZhMJiZMmIDJZCIuLo64uDg0Gg2jRo16ov2vXr2a3t5eNm3ahNvtpqysjJ6eHjZv3jzs7CPBMyv6Pi6Xi+PHjyOKIkuXLqWzs5Nbt25RW1tLdXU1DoeDhIQEEhMTMRqNJCUl+d7/P+lWq5UPP/wQu92OWq0mPz+fNWvWSJZbap550fcxm80YDAZiY2N929xuN62trZjNZsxms6/rNyIigpiYGLKzs8nKysJoNEqex98E3TF6pPjvE6f7hIeHM378eMaPH09+fj6iKNLU1ERjYyNVVVWcPXuWEydOkJCQwNy5c5k2bRparTYA6YePbEQ/CTExMUyZMoUpU6awcOFCn3Sz2UxJSQmFhYVkZWVRUFBAcnJyoOM+FYroQYiIiCAjI4P09HSef/55rFYr9fX17Ny5k6lTp4acaOWRnMcQFhaGIAiMHz+evLw8tFotfX19gY711CiinwKVSoVKFZo/WWimVnhqFNEyQREtExTRMkERLRMU0TJBES0TFNEyQREtExTRMiEobmq4XC5cLpfvf7fbjdfrZfTo0QFM9WwRFKI9Hg9nz55FrVbjdDq5ceMG4eHhpKenBzraM0NQNN2RkZGoVCq+++47bt68yfHjx5XaLDFBIRogJycHt9uNx+MhOjo6KO/33j/E2Gw23G53oOM8FUEjWhAE3n33XUwmE6+88soTj8b0JxUVFVy/fp3S0lJsNlug4zwVQSNapVKRmpqKRqN5ovHc/sbpdFJaWkplZSVFRUX8888/IfXQftCIhoHRHP/9N5ioq6tDq9WSk5PD5s2buXbtGr29vYGO9cQElehgRq/Xs2DBAkwmEyaTiTfeeCOkmu+guLwKBf736dJQm4JDqdEyQREtExTRMkERPQSC8argcSiiZYIiWiYoomWCIlomKKJlgiJaJiiiZYIiWiYoomVCQEWXlJRw+PDhkBuWE4oE7DZlTU0NW7ZsITc3l1dffdW3vb29nf379xMVFYVGoyE6Oto3F6hWq31gcML/vn9U16QoivT39xMbGxuSXZdSERDRDoeDv//+m9dff53GxkbfkByNRsOECRO4dOkSDoeD3t5e7Ha7b05QURSJi4sjPj4evV5PfHy8731ycjJGo5Ho6GhfOaNHj8ZisXDlyhWys7OZNm2abEeX+l202+3m2LFjtLa2otFoMJvNeDweYGD2/yNHjgz6XY/Hg81mw2KxPPBqbW2lrKyMW7duERkZicPhwGKxIAgCmZmZ3L17l6KiItasWUNOTg7jxo0L6glaRwK/i25paaGurg6z2QxAeXk5PT09aDSax3531KhRvkVeHjVBHAxMsdzc3Ex5eTltbW00NjZy5coVWlpaqKqq4uWXXyYrK4v4+HgMBgPJyckkJiY+80st+lV0d3c3FRUVLFy4kE2bNgEDUzdevXqVpKQkScrQ6/Xo9XpmzpyJy+WioaGBixcvYrVa0Wg0qFQquru7qayspKKigrCwMKKiojAajaSnp5ORkYFerw/Z2YcGw2+iLRYLW7dupaysjIKCAjIzM9mzZw/Nzc1s2bKF9PR0yR/BCQsLQ6fTsXz5cqKjox+QZ7fbaWlpobm5mebmZtrb26mpqcFmsxEXF8esWbPIyckJygcJhoLfRAuCwKpVq1i8eDFGo5HIyEjmz59PdnY2MLDultSEh4cPOnenIAhMmjSJSZMm4Xa76enpobOzk87OTi5cuEB5eTn79+9n4sSJLFq0iLlz5xITEyN5Rn8RVLP7Bgt2u53e3l66u7s5d+4cp06dor29nQULFnD69Gnef/99li1bFuiYT8WzdSCSCEEQ0Ov1ZGZmsnbtWvbs2cPOnTtxuVzcvHkTr9fLL7/8wrhx49BoNGg0GpKTk9m+fXugow+KUqOHwYYNG5g3bx5Llixh165dnD9/nt27dwflcgtKjR4iLpeLv/76i9GjR3Px4kVqa2tZs2ZNUEoG5UmNIVNXV0dYWBh79+5lzJgxrFixghkzZgQ61qAoNXqIVFdXs2zZMoqLi9mxYwdHjx7l4MGDgY41KIroIXLt2jUmT56M1+vFYrHQ3t7+RL17gUJpuofAV199xU8//URycjIlJSU4HA5mz549Iou2SoVy1j0EzGazb4VZGOiYSUtL862HHYwoNXoIDHZDJZhRjtEBZpgN6hOjiA4gLS0t7Ny5k4qKCrq6uka0rGE33R6PhzNnzkiRRZbodDoWLVpEXl4eH330ETNnzhyRZYmHLXr58uXs3btXiiyyRBRFvF4vtbW17Nu3j8zMzBERPeyzboWhc+/ePcrKyigtLSUnJ4c5c+Y8sHamlCiiA0hPTw9tbW0kJCSMeB+5IjqAeDweVCqVX4YhK6JlgnJ5JRNCUrTX66W3txeHw/HA9r6+Pux2e4BSBTchJ7q/v5/r16+zefNmDhw4QEdHBw0NDTidTn777Tfeeecdbt26FeiYQUfIiRZFkcLCQgwGA+vWreP06dMcOHCA7u5uCgoKWL16NevXr3+otsudkLup0dbWhtls5ttvv6WpqQmv18ucOXMQBAGAVatW8fPPP1NRUcHcuXMDnPZf/vjjD2pqanz/JyYmkpeX57c5RUOqRnu9Xurr6+nt7SUhIQGPx8OpU6f49ddfEUXR97ns7GzKy8sDmPRhbDYbxcXF1NfX09bWxg8//MCJEyf81vKEnGiHw+GrvSaTiZkzZz40skOj0QTdSdn8+fMxGAysX7+eDRs2kJiYSFtbm98mdw8p0aFMa2srd+/eJTExkYqKCpxOJ7NnzyYyMtIv5YfUMTosLIy4uDg6Ojr+7+du374ddCMyy8rK+P3330lPTyc7O5uNGzeSm5vrt4f5Qk50RkYGUVFR1NTUoDt9msubNvGTKPJ8eTkrDx8mXKfj/PnzrFu3LtBxH8BqtbJ7927eeuutgJQfck23Tqdj6dKl7Nq1C9WECXz92mtY336bl9LSuCeKfP7557zwwgtMnz490FF9NDY2cubMGQwGg++hf38Tkn3dNpuNQ4cOIQgCBenpuC5cIOK11ygpK+PcuXNs27Yt0BEfYN68eQBkZGSwbdu2QZ/wHElCUrTC0xNyTbfC0FBEywRFtExQRMsERbRMUETLBEW0TFBEywRFtEz4D61aEX2N/wNGAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC)
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)
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x2O7y9vSEWi5GRkYFTp07Bz88POTk5MJlMsFqtiI6OxooVKyCVSsFgMODv7//YwFIjSWNjI2JiYpCXl4exY8eSVgfpLcDTiEQiRERE4Ny5c2AwGAgKCvJYD5k7/fXXX/j0009x4MABlJaWkvo1dtJfzYCAADCZTJjN5j5fsAAeDCYxYcIEbNq0CQKBACkpKY7nNBoNIiIiPF2uS0yZMgUHDx6E1WoFj8dze3//05DeAojFYnh5eUGr1aKmpgaFhYUoLS1FUVERGAwG4uLisHTpUkilUjCZTMffnT9/HhkZGSRW7jw/Pz+Eh4cjKipqwFFR3I30cwEGgwFffvkleDwe3nvvPfD5/Ke+IL29vSgtLcWaNWvw77//erDS0Yn0FsDf3x/5+fno7OzEtWvX+ozz8yT19fXYs2cPvfNdhPQWgEYu0lsAGrnoAFAcHQCKowNAcf8HqsqiNKyfMWUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=)
In the diagrams (i) to (iv) of variation of volume with changing pressure is shown. A gas is taken along the path ABCD. The change in internal energy of the gas will be
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
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)
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x2O7y9vSEWi5GRkYFTp07Bz88POTk5MJlMsFqtiI6OxooVKyCVSsFgMODv7//YwFIjSWNjI2JiYpCXl4exY8eSVgfpLcDTiEQiRERE4Ny5c2AwGAgKCvJYD5k7/fXXX/j0009x4MABlJaWkvo1dtJfzYCAADCZTJjN5j5fsAAeDCYxYcIEbNq0CQKBACkpKY7nNBoNIiIiPF2uS0yZMgUHDx6E1WoFj8dze3//05DeAojFYnh5eUGr1aKmpgaFhYUoLS1FUVERGAwG4uLisHTpUkilUjCZTMffnT9/HhkZGSRW7jw/Pz+Eh4cjKipqwFFR3I30cwEGgwFffvkleDwe3nvvPfD5/Ke+IL29vSgtLcWaNWvw77//erDS0Yn0FsDf3x/5+fno7OzEtWvX+ozz8yT19fXYs2cPvfNdhPQWgEYu0lsAGrnoAFAcHQCKowNAcf8HqsqiNKyfMWUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=)
Physics-General
Physics-
A thermodynamic system is taken from state A to B along ACB and is brought back to A along BDA as shown in the PV diagram. The net work done during the complete cycle is given by the area
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)
A thermodynamic system is taken from state A to B along ACB and is brought back to A along BDA as shown in the PV diagram. The net work done during the complete cycle is given by the area
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Physics-General
Physics-
Heat energy absorbed by a system in going through a cyclic process shown in figure is
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)
Heat energy absorbed by a system in going through a cyclic process shown in figure is
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Physics-General
Physics-
An ideal gas is taken around the cycle ABCA as shown in the P-V diagram. The net work done by the gas during the cycle is equal to
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
An ideal gas is taken around the cycle ABCA as shown in the P-V diagram. The net work done by the gas during the cycle is equal to
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Physics-General
Physics-
In the cyclic process shown in the figure, the work done by the gas in one cycle is
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
In the cyclic process shown in the figure, the work done by the gas in one cycle is
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Physics-General
Physics-
In the figure given two processes A and B are shown by which a thermo-dynamical system goes from initial to final state F. If
and
are respectively the heats supplied to the systems then
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAJMAAABvCAYAAADotfJ3AAAPGElEQVR4nO3deUxUV//H8TfIMIPgAgoqS0FgQALIIgiyRAqolFZNxGirabqQtKahavpYa239pZE81tiaJxrbmC5a7aKxiomp1CqCxAWksgkqiOyUYUfDMoDD3OcPUn7yqIh0cGbwvBISwj135gt8Zu6Zc88910SSJAlB0AFTfRcgjB8iTILOiDAJOiPCJOiMCJOgMyJMgs6IMAk6I8Ik6MyowtTd3U1dXR1ivFN40FOHSaPRkJaWxubNm1GpVGNRk2CkzP7+prGxkaKiov/fYGaGUqnEwcFhyA7t7e0cOHCA69evc+HCBVatWoWZmRmCMJiCmpoakpOT0Wq1uLu7U1VVRUREBJs2bWLKlCmDOxQXF9PR0UF/fz9VVVWoVCqcnJz0UrxgWAYPc8HBwbzyyits3LiRgwcPsmbNGsrLy2lubh6yQ2trK4mJifj7+xMXF8e9e/e4f//+My9cMDxD+kyZmZl4eHjQ1NREZWUlvr6+zJw5c8gOkZGRuLi4YGFhgY+PD87OzpiYmDzTogXDNKTPdOnSJT744AOsrKwIDg5m7dq1WFlZDdlhxowZlJeXA2Bubo65ufmzrVgwWINhqq6uJiQkhF27dmFmZsbMmTOZNm2aPmsTjMxgmLKzs4mLi8PPz0+f9QhGzAxg3bp1/PTTT1haWuLr60tsbKy+6xKMkCnA/v376ezspLGxUQRJGDVxbk7QGRGmJ2hubiY3N1ffZRgFEaYnSE5OZv/+/fouwyiIMA0jNTUVhULBnTt39F2KURBheoyamhoaGxvZtGmTCNMIiTA9xldffcXOnTuJi4ujo6OD0tJSfZdk8ESYHiE9PZ0lS5aQkZHBmTNnWLBgAdXV1fouy+CJMD1AkiQqKiqorKzE2dkZe3t7bGxscHZ25urVq2i1Wn2XaNDErLYH3L59mx07dnD58mXKy8vZvHkzW7ZsIS0tDTs7O4KDg4mLi9N3mQZLhOkBnp6eHDp0aMjPxLDAyInDnKAzIkyCzogwMXDFTUlJyZALKoSnJ8IEmJqaYmVlxbVr10hOTiY3N5e+vj59l2V0nosOuFarpb29ncrKSlQqFSqVivr6ehobG6mrq6OtrQ2NRkNTUxPt7e38+OOPKJVKPDw8sLW1Zdq0aUO+nJycsLa21vevZXDGZZj6+vr4888/uXbtGtevXx+8PMvV1RV7e/vBr3nz5tHR0YFGo8Hc3Jy8vDzOnTvHkiVLCA0Npaenh9bWVhoaGrhx4wYtLS00NzfT0tKCvb09oaGhLFiwgNDQ0Ifmyj+PjD5MkiSh1Wqpq6vj7NmznDt3jvPnz+Pt7U1ERAQvvfQSn3zyCa6ursM+Tn19PZIkkZiYiKen57BtOzo6KCws5OLFi+zevZuLFy8SEBBAREQEMTExhIWFoVAoMDV9vnoRJqNZIPXKlSvs3buXo0ePjkVNT9Tf309nZydtbW1cuHCB9PR0amtrCQgIICoqisjISKytrUd8CZZWq6WzsxOZTIaFhcVT1yNJEjk5OWRkZPDrr78yadIk4uPjWbx4MU5OTlhZWSGXy5/6cY2NUYWpp6eHhoYGbt26xdWrV8nPz0epVBIbG0tISIhB9GPu379PSUkJv/32G7m5uTg4OBAcHIyfnx9OTk5MnTpV3yWOGaM4zPX09FBdXU1OTg5FRUXU19ezcOFC3njjDWbPnq3v8oaQyWT4+vri6+tLc3Mz2dnZZGRkkJ6ejre3N5GRkXh6eg655H68MOgwabVaVCoVaWlpFBcXY25uTlhYGNHR0UyePFnf5T2Rra0tS5cuZenSpeTn55OWlsaRI0dwdHQkMjISb29vLC0t9V2mzhhsmP5euuf3339nypQpREZGEhERgY2Njb5LG5WAgAB8fHzIy8sjJyeHn3/+GWdnZxISEnjhhRfGxSX2Bhmmnp4e9u/fT2FhIVFRUURHR+Pg4GD0n45kMhkhISF4e3tz8+ZNMjMz2blzJ8uXLyc2Nvaplyaqqqrihx9+oLa2li1btqBUKseo8pExuDDl5+fz+eef4+Liwscff4yTk9OoPmEZMisrK+bPn4+7uzvnz5/n22+/paCggA8//JAJEyaM6DFaWlo4deoUNjY2LFu2jFmzZo1x1U9mUC/106dPs379ehYvXsynn36Kh4fHuAvSg2xsbFi+fDl79+6lqamJZcuWUVFRMaJ9q6urqaysZOHChQQGBhrGoKk0CpcvX5ZWr1494va//PKLtGLFCqmiouKxbY4fPy4tWrRIyszMlLRa7WjKMnp79uyRvLy8pCtXrgzbrrCwUDIxMZEAKS4uTiouLn5GFQ5vTMOk1Wql9vZ2qaamRurs7HxkSHp7e6WjR49Kr7/+upSdnS319/ePpqRxob+/Xzpy5Ij04osvSidPnpR6e3sf2a6zs1PatWuXlJSU9IwrHN6YHua6urr47rvvCAwMJCUlBY1GM2R7b28vf/zxB5cuXSIpKYmQkBCj72T/E6ampiQkJPDRRx+RkpLC6dOn6e7ufqhdb28v9+/fN7gVa8a0A25mZsbKlSspLS1l1qxZyGSyIdvLyso4ceIEy5YtIygoaCxLMRoymYyoqCg6Ojo4duwY06dPJzIyckibjo4OampqiIqK0lOVjzambwMKhQK1Wo2joyMzZsx4aLtGo0Gr1SKTycSVHw8wNTXF0tISSZJQq9UPbe/q6qK2ttbgFqYd22NKfz8Vt29jZmb2yNMHSqWSJUuWcOHCBW7cuCEWqWfgJHZBQQGnT58mJiaGkJCQIds1Gg2FhYUolUqmT5+upyofbUwPc/cvXqRj924udHWh7Opixr/+hfyBpQ0tLS2Jj49HrVZz+PBh3nzzTby9vZ/bfpMkSWRnZ/PNN98QFhZGQkLCkBfhoUOHSE1NxcHBgaSkJIMbNhnT/5qprS1hkyfzf5KEf2Ym3LgB/3M4s7a2ZuXKlcyZM4f//Oc/XLp06bk95GVkZLB161aioqJ49dVXHzp1tHDhQjZu3EhSUhLu7u56qnIYo/kIOOJxJo1Gup+bK3X/+99S7/Hjkvbevcc27e7ulr7//nspODhYSklJGU1ZRm337t1SUFCQdPLkSUmtVuu7nFEZ29MpEyZgFhiIWWDgE5taWFjw9ttv4+Xlxbvvvkt+fj7bt28f0/IMQVlZGVu3bkUmk5GWlmbUU1MMrnOyYMECrl69Snt7O6+99hpZWVl0d3ePq855f38/9+7d48SJE7z11lvMnz+fgwcPGnWQwABP9MLAu9Tu3bs5dOgQX375JeHh4cTExODm5oalpaXRTtfQarU0NTVx8+ZNTp06hVqtZseOHYSGho6LxfkNMkwwcPeDxMREoqOjOXz4MPv27cPf35+goCA8PT2NavqrVqulqqqK0tJSsrKyaG5uJjQ0lPj4eGxtbfVdns4YbJhgYPDOzc2NLVu2UFhYSGpqKseOHWPq1Kn4+/szd+5cnJ2d9V3mY7W3t1NWVkZ+fj41NTWo1Wrmzp1LYmKiQdc9WgYdpr9ZWFgQGhqKr68vt27dIi8vj+zsbDIzM7G1tSUgIAA/P79HjrI/a2q1mtLSUvLz8ykrK0Or1aJQKAgNDcXf39/gRq11ySjC9DdLS0uCgoIICgqisrKSsrIyysrKSE9P5/jx49ja2jJ37lz8/PxQKpUjnmgGAxdu9vb2MmnSpKeuq7W1lcLCQvLy8rhz5w4ymQx7e3sCAgJwc3PDzc3N6DvXI2FUYXrQ7NmzcXFxISwsjObmZlQqFeXl5RQXF5OSkkJvby/u7u54eXnh5eWFh4fHsKcf+vr6uHjxIiYmJkRFRT12dLmnp4e6ujpu3bpFUVERRUVF3L17F1dXV7y8vFixYgWOjo7Y2tpibW39XN0l1KiumxuOJEn09fWhVqtRq9XU19dTUlJCaWkpJSUlgzMYnZ2dcXFxwdnZGScnJyZPnkxtbS3d3d3cu3eP8+fPI5fLWb16NTNmzKCtrQ2VSsWdO3coKyujubkZa2trPD098fHxwcfHBzc3NywsLLCwsEChUDzVO+J4Mm5eNiYmJsjlcuRyOVOnTmXWrFkEBgYiDUwApL+/n5aWFsrLyykvL6eiooLc3FxaW1spLy+noaGBnp4eent7MTExoaCggICAABwdHbG3tycqKop169bh4uIyZHjCxMTEaIcqdG3chOlRHvxHT5gwYXDBiv+dHwQDE85SU1PJyspizZo1+Pj4PFeHKF0Qfy0GxoFaWlpQKpW8/PLLgwOI3d3dlJSUDDnxbGdnxwsvvKCvUg2aCBMD41kODg44ODgM+blKpWLDhg00Njbi4+NDQ0MDSqWSffv2jepT33gnwjQMNzc3Vq1aRV9fH++99x4HDhzg6tWrdHV1iTA9ggjTE5w9exaZTEZbWxvTp0/nnXfeeeiO6sIAg5s1YEja2tqoqqoiISEBpVI5eLdQ4dFEmIbx119/MXPmTNauXcuKFSsAOHPmDJ2dnXquzDCJMA2joKBgcBihqamJM2fOMGfOHCZOnKjnygyTCNNjbNu2jaSkJLZv345cLickJITo6Gg2btz43F7w8CSiA/4YycnJJCcn67sMoyJeYoLOiDAJOiPCJOiMCJOgMyJMgs6IMAk6I8Ik6IwIk6AzIkyCzogwCTojwiTojAiToDMiTILOiDAJOiPCNA61t7eTnZ09bJu7d+/y/vvvs2jRIrZt20ZdXR179uwhPj6eRYsW0dDQ8NTPK8I0DllYWFBRUcGGDRu4fv36Y9vMmzcPGFh41c7OjtjYWMLCwvjiiy+Y9sCqyCM1qslx9vb2o14xRHg2NBoNGo2G1NRUPvvsM1atWjXkDhFyuZzw8HCKioqQyWSYm5uTnZ3N2rVrR32r2lGFycXFhZMnT47qCYWx19HRwddff01WVhbr168nPDz8oVuNAEycOJFJkybR2trKtWvXcHFxwc7ObtTPK6btjkM5OTkEBwezfv36YReeVygUKBQKampqmDx5Mu7u7v/onsEiTONQTEzMiNrJ5XLMzc1JT0/H39//H19cKjrgzzG5XI6NjQ1TpkzB1dUVhULxjx5vVIt9CePH7du3aW5uJjw8/B8/lgiToDPiMCfojAiToDMiTILOiDAJOiPCJOiMCJOgMyJMgs6IMAk6I8Ik6IwIk6AzIkyCzogwCTojwiTojAiToDP/BXY2n+79a7ouAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC)
In the figure given two processes A and B are shown by which a thermo-dynamical system goes from initial to final state F. If
and
are respectively the heats supplied to the systems then
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Physics-General
Physics-
A cyclic process ABCA is shown in the V-T diagram. Process on the P-V diagram is
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
A cyclic process ABCA is shown in the V-T diagram. Process on the P-V diagram is
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Physics-General
Physics-
Work done in the given P-V diagram in the cyclic process is
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)
Work done in the given P-V diagram in the cyclic process is
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAKUAAAByCAYAAAAyEBFNAAAS/klEQVR4nO3deVCU9x3H8feyFwgssNwEKGdI8ACKxlTSBAhoxSBG45DCpNY40xFbbZpOMp2a1naSaJoM06Rp0hmTGHLXTg22kDjGWENoDAQLRsOCN/dyS4Nk2fPpH4472WoM6rL7oL/XDH8sz/P8nu/v4cNz7XMoJEmSEAQZ8fF2AYLw/0QoBdkRoRRkR4RSkB0RSkF2RCgF2RGhFGRHhFKQHRFKQXZEKAXZEaEUZEeEUpAdt4bSbDYjru8QrpXbQmmz2aitraWvr89dTQo3KLeFsrW1lcrKSmpqarDb7e5qVrgBuSWUVquVmpoa2tvb2b59OwMDA+5oVrhBuSWUBoMBvV6PXq+ntLSUmpoadzQr3KDcEko/Pz+WLl1KTEwM99xzDzk5OVPat7TZbPzpT3/imWeecUcZl/Taa6+xZcsWLBbLtM1jujkcDv785z+zbds2j863o6ODLVu28OGHH3p0vkhu4HA4JIfDIeXm5krHjx93fv42f/jDH6R169ZJVqv1G8dZtmyZpNVqnT/5+flSU1PTReM1NTU5x9m0aZPU2dkpFRcXSyqVSrrpppukioqKa+qjNz3zzDPSmjVrLrucli9f7rKc7rrrLqmxsXFK7Q8NDUmFhYXOae12u7Rz505Jo9FIgYGBUkFBgVRXV+eu7nwrt4TygguhnAqLxSLNnj1b6u3tlSRJksxmszQ0NCT19/dLw8PDks1mkyRJkux2u3TfffdJRqNR6urqktasWSNt3rxZOnfunEt7p0+flqqqqqTi4mLJbrdLdrtdqq2tlRobGyWLxSLp9XppcnLSnd31CIvFIqWlpUk9PT2SJJ1fTsPDw87l9PWgrlixQurr65N6enqkdevWSY8++uhFy8nhcEgjIyNSf3+/NDQ0JJlMJml4eFhqaWmRUlJSpMHBQUmSzgf11VdflYaGhqSnn35aeu6555x/k+nmtZPnDQ0N+Pr6EhMTg9Vqpba2lpKSEu655x6WLVvGoUOHcDgcjI+P097eTlRUFA6HA19fX+Lj4/H393dpLzExkXnz5mGxWBgaGqKnpweLxUJcXBxqtZqCggLeffddL/X26jU2NqLVarnpppuw2Wzs3buX5cuXO5dTY2MjDoeDc+fOYTAYiI6OxuFwoNVqL7mcenp6uPfee53Tv/TSSwQEBJCZmUlwcDBnzpzB4XDQ2tpKdHQ0YWFhJCUlMTIyQm9vr0f6fNlQ9vX1sXfvXqqrq50/x48fd8uMh4aGiI2NBWBiYoKJiQkeffRRmpqaSEhI4ODBg1gsFg4cOEBYWBjV1dW8++67hISEkJ+ff8k2tVoter0eo9GIwWAgJSWF6OhoAGJiYhgcHHRL7Z40PDxMXFwcAF999RVffvklDz/8ME1NTdx88818+umnTE5OcuDAASIjI53LKSAggMLCwovaO3HiBAUFBTQ1NbFhwwaampro7+8HICEhAaPRyNDQEG1tbSxZsgSAwMBA7HY7ZrPZI31WXW7g0NAQL730EiaTicTERLq6ulAoFLz55psEBga6rYjg4GAeeOABAD766CPi4+NZuHAharWaQ4cOERgYSF1dHd/5znf46U9/6gzz//P19UWv13Po0CGSk5NJSEhwW41yoNPpKC8vB+Djjz8mOjqa22+/HY1GQ1NTE0FBQdTV1REXF8fPfvYzZ5i/Lj8/n/z8fDo7O+ns7KSwsBC9Xg+cD2Vvby/vv/8+y5Yt82jfvu6yoczIyCAjI4P09HRWrFhBfX09+fn5bvkqUafTMTIy4vw8OjrKnj17OHXqFKtWrSIrKwulUkljYyNPPfUU2dnZznF7e3uprq7m+9//PnPnzsXH5/wK39fXF7vdTktLC4sWLXL5xxkdHSUjI+Oa6/Y0nU7H8PCw8/PY2Bh79uzhxIkTrFixguzsbFQqFQ0NDTz55JMsWLDAOa7RaKS6uprbb7+djIwMlEoldrud+vp69u3bx/z587n77rudyyk+Pp5du3ZRUVHhEmiTyYSPjw9qtdojfb5sKEdHRzGZTAQFBaFUKtm1axc//OEP0el01zzjrKwsjh07xsjICCqVijfffJPKykrCwsIwGAxkZmZiMBhobGzkhRdeYMeOHc5p/f39mZiYoLOzk1tvvRWNRgOARqMhMTGRkJAQUlJSXOb3ySef8NBDD11z3Z6WkZHBsWPHGB4eRqPR8Pbbb/P0008TEhKCwWBg3rx5HDt2jIaGBp5//nlef/1157R+fn6YTCa6urpIT09HqVTy0Ucf8ctf/pKBgQFOnTpFU1MTa9asIS0tjdjYWOLi4li6dKlLDd3d3fj4+BAUFOSRPl82lF1dXXz++ef885//RKfTsWTJEn71q1+5ZcahoaGsXr2a559/ns2bN1NcXOzyXx4cHExeXh4VFRVotVqXaYODg9FqtcTGxqJSqVx+/+Mf/xitVusMKsCOHTvIysoiPT3dLbV7UmhoKGVlZTz77LNs2bKFoqIisrKynMODg4MZHx9n/fr1Ln2+MOzCweSFYXPnzuUvf/mLc5yAgABiYmIAyMvLY+HChS4HRwaDgVOnTpGXl+exUCqky2yL//Wvf3Hw4EEWL15MTEwMwcHBBAQEfGNjeXl5bN++ndTU1CnNfHR0lD/+8Y/4+fnx61//espFP/744yQnJ7N69epv3aS88sorHD58mMcee4zIyMgpz0NO/vvf/1JZWYlareY3v/nNlKd76qmniIqKory8/Ko2vWfOnOHFF19k/vz5rFix4qKVw3S5bChffvllxsbGqKiouOjUwqVcaSgF4VIuufk2m828/fbbPPHEEwCkp6dTVFTk0cKEG9clQ6nValm7di1r1671dD3XLYfDAeA8UyB8s8se6Aju43A4GB0dRZIk9Hq9x06vzEQilB6iUqmw2Ww0NjZitVq54447iI6ORqFQeLs02ZlRoWxububVV1/1dhnXxGAw0NXVRWZmJpGRkbIJ5fr165k9e7a3ywBmWChPnjxJV1cXDz74oLdLuWI2mw2z2YxSqWR8fByNRsNtt93msXN/l/Piiy/S2dkpQnm1kpOTKSkp8XYZV0ySJNra2rBYLJSUlJCWlkZERITLyX9vee+997xdggvvL5EbhEKh4OabbyYpKQm1Wo1SqfR2SbIlQulBKpVKFmtGuRMnzQTZEaEUZEeEUpAdEUpBdkQoBdkRoRRkR4RSkB0RSkF2RCgF2RGhFGRHhFIAwG63y+bR4CKUAgCTk5POWza8TYTyBjYwMEBXV5fzc1tbGxMTE16s6LwZc8mK1WplfHzc22VcVyRJor6+npaWFudTR+Tw/KUZs6bs7e1l9+7d3i7juhIeHo7D4WBwcJD9+/eTnp7OrFmzvF3WzAil2Wxm//797Nu3z9ulXFeUSqXzIWGLFi0iKSlJFrcAe7+CKRgbG2PHjh3odDoMBgMGg8HbJV03EhISiI6Opri4mLCwMG+XA8yAUEqSRE9PDz/60Y9IT0+np6eHzs5O2Zy+uB4oFArZ3FUJMyCUCoWCuLg4cnNzmZycZPHixeTk5DA5Oent0oRpMiOOviMiInA4HM5bQN3xfExBvmS/prwgKirK+Qxu4fo2Y0Ip3DhEKAXZEaEUZEeEUpAdEUpBdkQoBdkRoRRkR4RSkB0RSkF2RCgF2RGhFGRHhFKQnRlxldBMZrfbGRsbQ6FQON+rLVyeCOU0kCSJyclJPvjgAw4cOEBGRgYrV67E4XDI4nYDuZtxoRwdHaWtrc3bZVzWwMAAmzZt4osvviA+Ph6bzUZbWxvf+973uOWWW7xd3kXOnj3r7RJczKhQRkVF0d/fzy9+8Qtvl/KtYmJiiIyMpKenh4MHDxIREcGRI0emZV7d3d0MDg6SnZ191W2Eh4d/47Dh4WEGBweJi4sjMDDwqucxVTMqlHfeeSd33nmnt8uYMqvVyv79+/Hz8yMnJ2da3gxx8uRJqqqqCAsLo6Kigr179zI4OOgcnpSUxG233XbZ97RfMDExwa5du7BYLAQFBVFSUsLRo0d56623aG1t5f7772f16tVTautayHIHp62tjb/97W+YTKZrbquhoYHa2lpsNpsbKrsyarWagoIC5syZM203ur322msEBwfz85//HIfDwbFjx6iqquLkyZM0NzdTWVlJS0sLdrv9W9s6e/Ysn332GRs2bGBgYABJkjh16hT9/f3k5ORQU1NDZ2fntPTj62S3pmxtbeWdd95hzpw5+Pj4UFlZSWtrq3N4amoq999/P4mJiS7TnTlzhscffxyAvLw8ioqKeP3119m5cycAg4ODXnl9nkqlIjQ0dFraNhqNHD58mMrKShQKBX5+fixZsoQvvviC3/3ud3R3d7Nhwwa+/PLLi+5W7Ojo4OWXX6avr4+YmBjWrVtHREQEv/3tb3nllVcoKyvDx8eH+Ph41q5dS25uLo888ghHjx4lNTUVjUYzLX0CGa4p9+3bR3h4OEuXLkWr1ZKbm0tHRwdLliyhsLCQlpYW/vGPf1x0N+Pk5CR6vZ729nYWLFiAv78/s2bNory8nG3btrFt2zYv9Wj6dHd34+/v73y/o81mo6uri4iICHx9ffn000+JiooiOTnZ5ah/YmKC999/n4GBAcrKyjh+/DjV1dVIkkRERARRUVH09vZiNBrp6Ohg/vz5qNVqkpOT6ejowGq1Tmu/ZBXK/v5+Tpw4QVpamvOOxczMTIxGI6tWreLuu+8mIiICq9V60X9qcnIyK1euJCAggMjISMxmM3q9nqKiInJzc0lMTOSDDz7wRremjc1mQ6PRONeCZrOZ+vp6qqqquOWWWzhw4AAPPfQQycnJLtP5+flRWlrKtm3bKCgoICkpyeW1fKmpqZw+fZre3l5uvfVWQkJCANBoNFit1mm/515Wm++zZ8+iVqvR6XTOBd3Q0EB2djYqlYrm5mb6+vp44IEHLjrfp9Fo0Ol06HQ652mj2NhYkpKSUCgUpKen097ezuLFi73RNY+w2WxIksRf//pXFi1ahFKpRK1WX7Tp9vHxce5SbN26FUmSKC8vdx7ApKSkYDAY6OjoYNOmTR7vh6zWlJf6D6yrq6Ompobw8HCee+45fv/737Nw4cJLTu/r64ter+fIkSMEBQWRkpLi/IMoFIrr7qka4eHhDAwMYDabsdvtGI1GmpubSUhIwM/Pz7kW/fe//01KSgpHjx4Fzi/nM2fOsGbNGsbGxnjkkUfQaDTO51PGx8fzxhtvUFpa6hLo3t5eQkNDp/1lp7IKpVKpxOFwuDy8s729nV27djE0NMSePXuYO3cuJpOJ48ePMzY25hI0rVbLrFmzaGhoAFzPvVksFtRqtec64wGpqan4+vry2WefYTQaKSsrY3R0lBdeeMFlvDvuuIONGzdiNpuB8/uUtbW1HD16lA8//JDFixfz2GOPMTw8DJzfZXriiSeIiopytjE2NkZ7ezvJycnTepADMtt8h4aGYrFYGBkZ4auvvuLjjz9m//79/OAHP3AZz2g08uSTT1JSUkJxcbEzbFqtFpVKhVKp5Lvf/a7LNJ9//jkrV670WF885eGHH+att94iOjqa5ubmS45z8OBBTCYTGRkZAAQEBLBx40Y2btx4yfH/f3kPDg7y97//nfnz55OVlTXta0pZhTIsLIzU1FSam5uZM2cOdXV1rFy5kvb2dpfxkpKSyMvLIzw83GXzEhAQwH333UdwcDD+/v7O3zc1NTE5OUlmZqbH+uIpd911F0qlksOHD7No0aJLjvOf//yHBx988Kq3FCMjI4SGhlJSUkJERMS1lDslCsmNO1p5eXls376d1NTUq26jo6ODnTt3MmvWLNatW3fJh3i+99579PT0sGrVqm99fN0nn3zC7t27yc/PZ+nSpVddl+A5slpTwvnnJZaXl9PZ2fmNX8vFxMQwd+7cKT1PMSwsjNLS0os254J8yS6UALGxscTGxn7j8KysrCm3lZaW5o6SBA+S1dG3IIAIpSBDIpSC7IhQCrIjQinIjgilIDuyPCUkzFzj4+Ns376d7u5uACorKzl06BDvvPMOwcHBLF++/FvPGYs1peBWJpMJnU7HG2+8QU5OjvOKeIDZs2dP6WtKEUrBrUJCQigrK0On07FgwQLg/PWbOTk53HvvvZf9UuQCEUrhikxMTLB7927n5vn/qdVq/P39iYuLo6urC5PJxN69e1m+fPmU7+Z06z6lj48PVqvVed2ecP1RqVTk5ORQWFhIUVER69evJy4u7qKr25OTk53BLSgoQKvVTn0e7iy4tLSU8vJyzp07585mBZlxOBwYjUZOnz7NkSNH2Lp1K/PmzXMZJzExkSNHjtDR0cHmzZuvqH23Xrom3BhaW1t59tlniY6O5ic/+ckl9xOrqqrYunUr9fX1REZGXlH7IpTCFbFardTW1pKdnU18fPw3jnf48GH6+vooKiq64nmIUApXxGw2u9zWOx1EKAXZEaeEBNkRoRRkR4RSkB0RSkF2RCgF2RGhFGRHhFKQHRFKQXZEKAXZEaEUZOd/t4yuTLQW17EAAAAASUVORK5CYII=)
Physics-General