Chromosomal crossover is the natural pairing up and exchanging of genetic material between

Which of the following does not cause variation?

What is the structural and functional unit of heredity?

When does crossing over occur in meiosis?

__________is the degree to which differences are seen in parents and their off springs.

DNA is present in _________ of a cell.

In sickle cell anemia amino acid______ is formed as a result of point substitution.

The following image shows the mechanism of _______ mutation.

_____________ mutation causes sickle cell anemia.

The picture shows which type of chromosomal mutation?

Down’s syndrome is an example of:

______ mutations originate during meiosis while ______ mutation originates during mitosis.

Which of the following is not an effect of a mutation?

mutation occurs at genetic level/ nucleotide level or DNA level but its effect when polypetide is formed.
the change in nucleotide sequence causes change in genetic codes(amino acid sequence) which formed wrong polypeptide.
so the after the mutation the protein is formed and mutation is nothing is related with the amount of protein.

To cause a frame shift type of mutation, ______ must occur.

A frameshift variant occurs when there is an addition or loss of nucleotides that shifts the grouping and changes the code for all downstream amino acids. The resulting protein is usually nonfunctional. Insertions, deletions, and duplications can all be frameshift variants.
A frameshift mutation in a gene refers to the insertion or deletion of nucleotide bases in numbers that are not multiples of three. This is important because a cell reads a gene’s code in groups of three bases when making a protein. Each of these “triplet codons” corresponds to one of 20 different amino acids used to build a protein. If a mutation disrupts this normal reading frame, then the entire gene sequence following the mutation will be incorrectly read. This can result in the addition of the wrong amino acids to the protein and/or the creation of a codon that stops the protein from growing longer.

_______ is known as the process of repetitive replication of a chromosome segment.

gene amplification is also called gene duplication in which the number of nucleotides are added on the gene sequence due to which the number of chromosomes are changed from 23 to N+1.
¶ Gene duplications can arise as products of several types of errors in DNA replication and repair machinery as well as through fortuitous capture by selfish genetic elements. Common sources of gene duplications include ectopic recombination, retrotransposition event,aneuploidy,polyploidy, and replication slippage.

¶Duplication results from an unequal crossing-over between misaligned homologous chromosomes during meiosis. It may involve a replication of a portion of DNA, or of an entire chromosome. 

Damages and errors in the DNA can cause___________

A mutation is a change in the DNA sequence of an organism. Mutations can result from errors in DNA replication during cell division, exposure to mutagens or a viral infection.
DNA repair, any of several mechanisms by which a cell maintains the integrity of its genetic code. DNA repair ensures the survival of a species by enabling parental DNA to be inherited as faithfully as possible by offspring. It also preserves the health of an individual.

DNA translation is the term used to describe the process of protein synthesis by ribosomes in the cytoplasm or endoplasmic reticulum.  The genetic information in DNA is used as a basis to create messenger RNA (mRNA) by transcription.
Transcription, as related to genomics, is the process of making an RNA copy of a gene's DNA sequence. This copy, called messenger RNA (mRNA), carries the gene's protein information encoded in DNA.