How do genetic disorders happen?

In Down’s syndrome of a male child, the sex chromosome is

• Down syndrome is a genetic disorder 
• It is a trisomy condition having extra copy of chromosome 21
• The individual affected will have disability associated with nervous system
• Sex chromosome remains unaffected irrespective of the disorder

Which one is a hereditary disease?

• Pleiotropy is a condition where a single gene is responsible for control of multiple unrelated traits of an individual
• Individuals with phenylketonuria lack the ability to process phenylalanine to tyrosine due to absence of an enzyme, This results is decreased metabolism.
• Leprosy is caused by Mycobaterium leprae
• Cataract and general blindness are caused due to environmental interferences

Select the correct match

• Genetic disorder is a result of harmful mutation
• Genetic disorders can be classified as chromosomal, multifactorial and monogenic in nature
• Down syndrome is a chromosomal disorder. The individual will posses 3 copies of chromosome 21. The disorder causes intellectual impairment of the mutant.
• Sickle cell anemia and hemophilia are examples of monogenic mutations wherein HBB gene chromosome 11 and F8 gene in X chromosome are mutated, respectively.

Which of the following can increase the rate of mutation?

• Mutagen is the agent that causes mutation
• Mutagens can be classified into physical, chemical and biological mutagens
• Electromagnetic radiations come under physical mutagens
• Toxic chemicals like smoke, cosmetic products can be classified under chemical mutagens
• Viruses and other infectious agents are biological mutagens

Genetic mutations can be...

• Mutation is caused due to alteration in the normal gene sequence of an organism
• Beneficial mutation has positive effect on the organism and helps to thrive in difficult situations as well. Example for beneficial mutation is development of lactose tolerance in humans.
• Harmful mutation results in genetic disorders or cancer
• Silent mutation show no effect on the organism

What do gene mutations change?

• DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid is the genetic material of all eukaryotic organisms and few prokaryotic organisms
• Mutation refers to change in the sequence of genetic material of an organism
• RNA or ribonucleic acid is genetic material of few viruses alone
• Lipids and proteins provide energy and form building blocks of life, respectively. They do not have any role in genetic mutation.

Are all mutations bad?

• Not all mutations are harmful
• Condition where the normal gene sequence of an organism is altered is called mutation
• Mutation can be classified as beneficial mutation, harmful mutation and silent mutation
• Evolutionary changes can be attributed as an example of beneficial mutation
• Cancer, Antibiotic resistant bacteria and many more are examples of harmful mutation

What are the building blocks of proteins called?

amino acids are known as building blocks of proteins.

Any change in the sequence of DNA is...

• Change in gene sequence is termed as mutation
• Mutation are caused by mutagens
• Mutagens can be physical, chemical or biological in nature
• Not all mutations are harmful
• Evolution is a result of mutation

What do we use pedigrees for?

• Pedigree chart helps to analyze the traits of individuals in a family
• The pedigree chart helps to determine the occurrence of genetic disorder that runs in a family
• Pedigree chart is represented in the form of boxes and circles (males and females, respectively)
• Normal, carrier and affected individuals can be distinguished in a pedigree chart

Which sex chromosomes would indicate a typical human male?

• Females carry XX chromosome
• Males carry XY chromosome
• Males decide the sex of the offspring

In order to trace occurrence of a trait through several generations of a family, you could create a ____________.

• A karyotype chart represents the image of an individuals chromosome
• Chromosomal map represents the genes present in a chromosome
• Hemoglobin is a protein present in red blood cell
• Pedigree chart is a tool used to analyze the passage of traits between generations

Which chromosome is affected by hemophilia?

• Hemophilia is a blood disorder
• Individual with hemophilia does not posses clotting factor VIII or IX
• The genes for producing clotting factors are present in X chromosome

What is the name of the protein that is not normal in people with sickle-cell disease?

• Red blood cells contain a protein called hemoglobin
• Sickle cell anemia patients will posses abnormal "S" hemoglobin
• Clotting factors are present in plasma

Which disorder or disease has alleles that are co-dominant with each other?

• Sickle cell disease is a medical condition where the Red Blood Cells loses its normal shape 
• The disease can be caused due to malaria or due to genetic disorder