Physics-
General
Easy
Question
A sample of an ideal gas is taken through a cycle a shown in figure. It absorbs 50J of energy during the process AB, no heat during BC, rejects 70J during CA. 40J of work is done on the gas during BC. Internal energy of gas at A is 1500J, the internal energy at C would be
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
- 1590 J
- 1620 J
- 1540 J
- 1570 J
The correct answer is: 1590 J
Related Questions to study
Physics-
P-V diagram of a cyclic process ABCA is as shown in figure. Choose the correct statement
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
P-V diagram of a cyclic process ABCA is as shown in figure. Choose the correct statement
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Physics-General
Physics-
In the following figure, four curves A, B, C and D are shown. The curves are
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
In the following figure, four curves A, B, C and D are shown. The curves are
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Physics-General
Physics-
Six moles of an ideal gas performs a cycle shown in figure. If the temperature are TA = 600 K, TB = 800 K, TC = 2200 K and TD = 1200 K, the work done per cycle is
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Six moles of an ideal gas performs a cycle shown in figure. If the temperature are TA = 600 K, TB = 800 K, TC = 2200 K and TD = 1200 K, the work done per cycle is
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Physics-General
Physics-
Consider a process shown in the figure. During this process the work done by the system
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Consider a process shown in the figure. During this process the work done by the system
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Physics-General
Physics-
The P-V diagram of a system undergoing thermodynamic transformation is shown in figure. The work done by the system in going from
is 30J and 40J heat is given to the system. The change in internal energy between A and C is
The P-V diagram of a system undergoing thermodynamic transformation is shown in figure. The work done by the system in going from
is 30J and 40J heat is given to the system. The change in internal energy between A and C is
Physics-General
Physics-
An ideal gas is taken from point A to the point B, as shown in the P-V diagram, keeping the temperature constant. The work done in the process is
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
An ideal gas is taken from point A to the point B, as shown in the P-V diagram, keeping the temperature constant. The work done in the process is
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Physics-General
Physics-
An ideal gas is taken around ABCA as shown in the above P-V diagram. The work done during a cycle is
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
An ideal gas is taken around ABCA as shown in the above P-V diagram. The work done during a cycle is
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Physics-General
Physics-
For one complete cycle of a thermodynamic process on a gas as shown in the P-V diagram, Which of following is correct
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
For one complete cycle of a thermodynamic process on a gas as shown in the P-V diagram, Which of following is correct
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Physics-General
Physics-
When a system is taken from state i to a state f along path if,
and
Along path if,
If
for the curved return path f i, Q for this path is
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAJkAAABzCAYAAACLg6BeAAANd0lEQVR4nO3da1BUdQPH8S+w7oKLRAuSrQjJSgEqLkKTGCYxIWahow46po7ZeJsc7UXTkDVOM5ov1IZqypwcZvQFjlGZiqY4XtKcoNG8sWp4Y4XAYF2RhWVvLLvPC+dxHoKeLDmcs9v/M+ML9hx2f+P8OOfs//zPOSF+v9+PIEgoVO4AQvATJRMkJ0omSE6UTJCcKJkgOVEyQXKiZILk+qVkfr8ft9vdH28lBKF+KZnVamXfvn24XK7+eDshyKj6evHq1avs3LmTrq6u+yupVGRnZzNt2rRe6/p8PioqKti2bRsjR47k2WeflTaxEHD63JINGTIEp9NJY2MjY8eOJSQkhC1btlBbW9tr3Y6ODkpLS6mtrWX37t10dnZKHloILH2WTK/XM2TIEKZOncprr73GlClTCA0Nxel09lr3+++/Jy8vj+HDh/PMM89gMpkkDy0Elj89JqusrCQrK4u2tjYOHjxIcnIyY8aM6bVeXFwc8+bNY+jQoUyfPp3Y2FjsdrukoYXA0mfJGhsbuXLlCikpKcTHx+Pz+SgpKWHQoEG91n3ppZcIDw8nNDSUmJgYRo0aRWRkpOTBhcDR54F/U1MTBQUFlJeXD3QeIQj12pLV19dz4MABYmJisFqtcmQSgkyvkp0+fZrbt29js9m4efOmHJmEINNrd1lUVERRUZEcWYQgJc5dCpITJRMkJ0omSE6UTJCcKJkgOVEyQXKiZILkRMkEyYmSCZITJRMkJ0omSE6UTJCcKJkgOcWWzOVy0dzcTENDAw0NDTgcDrkjBRSfz8eFCxeYO3cuRqORY8eOyZalz5mxcrPb7ezfv59du3ZRX19PfX09X3/9NVOmTJE7WsCwWCzs27eP6dOnM3/+fFmzKLJk586d49ChQxQXF+PxePj8889JT0+XOxYA3d3dtLS0oNVqiYqKIiQkRO5IvTidTnbu3MmPP/6IXq/n7t27xMTEyJZHcbtLj8fDjRs3GDp0KJmZmZjNZtLT04mIiJA7GnB/N9Ta2squXbs4cuQI7e3tckfqxeVycfToUZqamuju7u7zUsaBpLgtmdvtxmKxoNFouHPnDkeOHCEnJwe1Wg2AzWZjzZo1smbs6uri2LFjaLVajEYjQ4YMkTXPkiVLGD9+/IOfIyIiKCws5Nq1a6xYsULGZPcprmQRERGkpKRQUlKC1WqlpqaGS5cuER8fz4wZM+js7OTYsWOUlJTIltHlcmE2m7FYLEyYMIGnnnpqwDN0dHTwzTffUFFRwYsvvtijZB6Ph6amJjIzMwc8V18UVzKVSkV+fj5paWmEhYXh9XrxeDzo9foH60RHR/PKK6/IlrG8vJyVK1cyduxY4uPjCQ8PH9DP93g8VFRUoNVqee6553otd7lcmEwm5syZM6C5/oziSgag1Wp5+umn5Y7RJ6fTSWFhIWq1GpVKnv++q1ev8t1337Fo0SIOHjzYa3lXVxeNjY088cQTMqTrTXEH/koXERHB4MGDZStYY2MjH330EdOmTaOgoICwsLAHy1wuFzabje3bt7No0SKGDRsmS8Y/EiULIHfu3GHDhg0YjUYWLFjQa/m2bduYNGkSdrudt956S4aEfVPk7lLozWKxsH79eqKioli5cmWf66xevZrVq1cPcLK/JrZkAaC1tZVNmzZhs9l45513HgznBAqxJVO4zs5OSktLaW5uZsOGDcTGxsod6W8TWzIFczgclJWVcePGDYqLi0lMTJQ70j8iSqZQTqeTsrIyampqWLZsGWlpaXJH+sdEyRTI5XLx1VdfcebMGRYvXkxGRkaPoYpAI0qmMB6Ph71793L48GGWLVtGVlZWQBcMxIG/ojgcDiorK9m/fz+rVq0KmtvVi5IphNVqpaKigpMnT7J8+XKef/55uSP1G1EyBbh27Ro7duygvr6e1atX93nSO5CJksmora2NqqoqDh06hFar5cMPP2TkyJFyx+p3omQy8Pv9XLp0ibKyMtxuN5MnT6agoED2yY9SESUbQG63G5PJREVFBb/99hsZGRnk5eWRmpr6t79B2u32Hk/mczqd+Hw+tFptf8d+ZKJkA6CxsZGTJ09y/PhxLBYLU6dOZfbs2RgMBrRa7T+6GKW+vp5Lly7R2trKvXv32LNnj6wTOf+fgCtZR0cHbrcbq9WqiPN4Pp+Pc+fO0d7eTl5eHgAtLS1cvHiRs2fPcvToUerr68nPz2fGjBnk5uYSERGBSqV6pCudDAYDlZWV7N69m59//pn169cr5mKbPwqokvn9frZs2YLFYqGyspL58+cP6CVpfr+f7u7uB/+8Xi+bNm2isrKSwsJCSktLMZlMeL1eUlNTMRqNrFu3TpLhiPDwcMaNG0dSUhJxcXFkZmYqdnZGQJXs1q1bVFVVYbPZOHnyJLm5ucTHx0v2eZ2dnTgcDlwuF06nk7t373Lr1i1u3brF1atXqa6upqmpCZ1Oh9frZeHChaSlpaHX6/t8DlV/e+GFF5g0aRLJyck8+eSTkn/ePxVQJTtx4gQffPABa9euZcmSJZjNZoYNG9ZvU6Hdbjd3797FYrFw584d6urqsFgsWK1WrFYrfr+fhIQEDAYDo0ePJi8vj8uXL2M2m0lNTSU7O5uoqChCQwfmbJ1arUatVqPX6xW7q4QAK1lOTg5arRaNRkNGRgYdHR10dXU9cslsNhu//vorNTU1tLS0YLfbaW9vZ+TIkaSlpTFixAgSEhKIjY3t87Pcbje1tbXcu3cPrVY7YCULFAFVsuTkZG7fvg3c/yt+1Evv7XY7R44c4cKFC7jdbnQ6HaNHj8ZgMJCUlPTQ41YajYZx48Y9UpZgFlAl60+nTp1i3759eDwe0tLSyM7OxmAwiGd1SuBfV7K2tjZKSkq4cuUKr776KpMnTyYuLk6Rg5jB4l9VsjNnzvD++++TkZHBli1biI6ORqPRyB0r6P1rSlZeXk5JSQlvvvkmCxYsCPiJgIEkqEvm9/txOByUl5fz008/sXXrVoxGo/j2N8CCtmQ+n4/m5ma+/fZb6urqePvttwP6YoxAFpQl8/l83Lhxg127duFwOFixYgUpKSlyx/rXCsr9hslkoqSkhK6uLpYvXy4KJrOg25KdPn2azZs3YzQaWbx4cY/7mgnyCKqSVVdX89577zFv3jyKiop4/PHH5Y4kEEQlq66upri4mOXLlzNr1ixFnzD+twmKkp05c4bi4mJWrFhBUVHRgEyzER5eQJfM5/Nx/vx51q5dy8KFC5k1a5YoGPdvc+DxeNBoNIo4o6Hob5c2m42GhoYeF0z8l9fr5fz582zevJn8/Hzmzp074DcIVqrPPvsMo9HIF198IXcUQOElu3z5MmVlZbS0tPR43ev1UlNTw5dffkl6ejqvv/46UVFRMqVUnunTp/Pyyy+Tm5srdxRAobvLrq4uzp8/z8WLFyksLGT48OE9lv/++++UlpaSmJjIkiVLZH2ki8vl4ubNmwwbNkzWHP8rLCyMs2fPkpiYyPXr15k4caKk09T/iiJL5vF4uH37Ntu3byc8PJzU1NQey71eLwkJCSxevJi4uDhZMrrdbqqrqzl16hQpKSkMHTpUlhx9MZlMD67q2rNnD263m4ULF8qWR5El02g0ZGZmkpubi16v7zXl2eVyceLECUwmk0wJ729tr127htlsJisri71798qS49y5c2RnZ/d4zWw2M3v2bNasWcPHH3/MzZs3cblcsh2zKrJkKpWKe/fuodPpeo3Yx8bG9vmABDns3buXHTt28MYbb8h6q80/njYzmUwsXbqUzs5OXC4XsbGxsn7rVl7JvF48R49S9+mndI8fz+Dr17GXljJ47VpCY2NRq9Xk5OTInRIAo9HIqlWr+OWXXxgxYoQi7una0NDA8ePHWbduHbW1tTQ1NZGXlyfr/DnllUylIiwxkYxBgzBv3EhdaCj6Tz8lRIFz7yMjI4mMjFREuf4rISGBpKQkEhISGDNmDJ988ons9zpTXsmAsNRUhq9bx7LkZFTjxqGeOZMQMQb20H744Qe5I/SgyJIBqIxGVEaj3DGEfqDowVghOIiSCZITJRMkJ0omSE6UTJCcKJkgOVEyQXKiZILkFDsYKyiLxWLh8uXLOBwORo0ahcFgoKqqio6ODiIjI5kwYcKfTvUWJRMeSmNjIxs3bqSlpYV3332XxMREDhw4QFVVFfn5+WRkZIiSCY9m9OjRzJw5k4aGBnJycggPDyc9PZ05c+aQlZX1f39XHJMJD0Wj0TBq1Ch8Ph9Op5MLFy4QGhr6lwUDUTLhb9DpdA9uO19TU8PUqVMf6vdEyQRaW1spLy//y+ns0dHRdHR0UF5eTmpqKtHR0Q/1/uKYTECn0zFp0iSWLl3K4MGD2bp1a5+PFHrsscdob29n0KBBGAyGh76ZYL+UTK1W09zcrKgZosLf093dTVtbGyEhIUycOJHDhw/3evamTqcjMzOTgoICdDrdQ793iN/v9/d3YCGwdHd3U1dXR2lpKTExMcyePZukpKR+e26VKJlAZ2cntbW1REZGkpSU1O9XNomSCXi9XoB+e0bVH4mSCZITQxiC5ETJBMmJkgmSEyUTJCdKJkhOlEyQnCiZIDlRMkFyomSC5ETJBMn9BwrqsabLYWYaAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC)
When a system is taken from state i to a state f along path if,
and
Along path if,
If
for the curved return path f i, Q for this path is
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Physics-General
Physics-
A sample of ideal monoatomic gas is taken round the cycle ABCA as shown in the figure. The work done during the cycle is
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
A sample of ideal monoatomic gas is taken round the cycle ABCA as shown in the figure. The work done during the cycle is
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Physics-General
Physics-
A system changes from the state
to
as shown in the figure. What is the work done by the system
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
A system changes from the state
to
as shown in the figure. What is the work done by the system
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAKgAAACFCAYAAADPebNcAAAcPklEQVR4nO2deXBUVfbHP53OvnVi9tDpSEiIJIYMYBIRMyigsjk6biOoZFyY0hkUHWBKLLfScRxwKHHcyCCjLCopQXYjGkgcEMOafQOGJCSkk07SWbvT+/v94Y/+yQ9CGuh0N/T7VFFSz/vOPY/69nn33XvuuRJBEARERFwUD2c7ICJyMUSBirg0okBFXBpRoCIujShQEZdGFKiISyMKVMSlEQUq4tKIAhVxaUSBirg0nrY2PH78OF9//TXZ2dk0NzczdepUysvLGTFiBL29vRw5coQHH3wQqVRKfn4+YWFhTJgwgdraWry9vcnMzDzPpiAImM1mBEGgvb2diooKbrzxRmJjY5FIJHZ9UJGrE5sjaFBQEKWlpYwbN47y8nK2bdtGU1MTycnJREREUFpayvbt2wkODqanp4dbbrkFnU6HXq8nMTERpVJJZ2cnzc3NdHZ2Wv9eUVHB/v376evrY+TIkRQWFtLX1zeczyxyFWGzQEtLSxkzZgxKpRKj0YhMJiM6OhqArq4uFixYwMGDB2lvbyc6OpqAgACr0CQSCatWrWLPnj3k5uayY8cOCgoKWL9+PQMDA3R1ddHX18fo0aM5fvw4Wq12eJ5W5KrDZoGWlJSQnp5OT08PCxcuxMfHx/r/DAYDkZGRTJkyhby8PLy8vBgYGKCtrY0RI0YQGhpKUFAQycnJJCQkkJqaSkxMDEFBQZjNZjw8PBgxYgQAOp0OMcFK5Cw2CbStrY3vvvuOtLQ0xo8fT3h4OP7+/mi1WlpbW6mqqkKtVjN9+nT27t1LQkKCNTKOGjWKvr4+AgMD8fX1paysjOTkZKqrqwkLCyM7O5t7772XmJgYNBoNISEhSKXS4X5ukasE6euvv/76UI1MJhORkZGkpqbi6+uLVCrFbDajUqm47rrrCA0NJSYmxvrftLQ0VCoVGo2G0aNHY7FYiI6OJiYmhoiICBISEvD390culxMeHg78HIWPHj1KdHQ0SUlJeHra/P0mcg0judyEZYPBwJkzZ/Dz87OORc9iNBo5dOgQCQkJxMTE2GSvu7ubtrY2oqOjCQ4OFr/iRYArECiA2WwGOO+VLAgCOp0OHx8fPDxsG+ZaLBYEQcDDwwOJRMKZM2es41IR9+WKJuqlUukFx4sSiQQ/Pz+bxQng4eGBVCpFIpHQ19fHnXfeSVNT05W4J3IN4HIrSYIg8PHHH1NXV8enn36KxWJxtksiTsTlBNrS0sKhQ4cQBIF9+/ZRV1fnbJdEnIjLCbS8vJznn38eqVTKhx9+SG1tLXq93tluiTiJK/pIGg6am5uJiooiKCgIrVZLd3c3Xl5eBAUFOds1ESfgcgI9i6+vLzqdztluiDgZl3vFi9iO2Wzmp59+YsWKFfT39w9bPxaLhQMHDvDWW28NWx+DIQr0KkUQBMrKyli+fDkTJ06ktbWVRYsWkZ2dbf3z6KOPDmnHZDLxpz/9iezsbBYsWMB///tf1qxZwx133EF2djZ1dXVIJBIUCgUGg4G//e1vDni6/0NcT7xKOTvLMX36dLKysrBYLMycOROZTMasWbMIDw/nhhtuYObMmcydO3dQOx4eHkyfPp2Kigpmz55NXFwcU6ZMob+/n+zsbEaOHIlEImHEiBH89re/ZfPmzdTW1nLDDTc45DnFCHqVYrFYyMvLY+LEiUilUry8vOjs7CQsLIyEhATi4+NRKBQEBwdf1I6HhwdZWVncdNNNmM1mvL29OXjwIFOmTGH8+PF4e3sDPy++xMTE4OPjw6FDhxzxiD/757CeROyKIAg0Nzdbk20sFgsVFRVYLBa6u7t55513iI2NZfbs2UPa8vLyIjQ0FJVKRWVlJWFhYcTFxZ3XzsfHB09PTzo7O+3+PIMhCvQaoauri9bWVnJzc5k7dy4NDQ0UFhZiMBhQq9Wo1WqMRuMF7/Xy8kImk3Hq1Cm6urqQy+UEBQXR29uLSqVyagK5TWNQjUZjTSQ++4u9GFqtFj8/PwYGBtDpdPj7+2OxWGhra8Pf35/IyEgxW8kO+Pn5YTAYAFCr1cjlctatW8f48eOBn6NsU1MTNTU16PV6kpKSMJlMmM1m0tLS8PX1BX4WaGBgIFu3bmXSpEncdNNNdHV1UV5eTm9vLyaTiQceeMCa0HP2te8IbBLoDz/8QG9vLx4eHjz00EOYzWbOnDmDVqvF29sbQRCIj4/HbDZTWVlJd3c3qampHD58mKioKDw8PPD29qampoakpCQiIyOH+7mueSQSCSkpKdTX1yOVSvniiy84cuQIaWlppKSknCO+sLAwOjs70Wg0tLS08MMPP/CXv/wFuVwOgKenJ5GRkQQHBzN69GhrcJHJZPj6+lJeXg5Af38/AwMDjBkzxmHPaZNAVSoVUqmU5ORk67Wenh62bNmCxWJh1qxZxMfHA9DQ0EBTUxPe3t40NTWRlpbG999/j1wuJyMjg5qaGtLT08Ws+SvEw8ODWbNmkZeXx8KFC1EoFAQFBZ33huvo6ODYsWOEhoaSkpKCXC6nra3tnH9/qVTKhAkTCA4OJiEhAfj5rVlRUcHAwAA33ngjRqORkpISOjo6yMjIcNhzDinQ3t5eZDIZ3t7e7Nmzh8zMTARBsP7CpFIpWq0Wi8WCj48PMTExNDY2WrdvBAcHo9VqaWhoIDY2Fo1GY7NzDz30ECNGjGDp0qWcPHnSmt20dOlSQkNDWbBgAZ6enuTk5DBmzBjWrl1LaWkpc+bMYcaMGbz77ruUlJSQmJjIG2+8QWFhIatXr2bs2LHk5ORw4sQJ1q1bh1arZcWKFQiCwLJly+jv72fevHlkZGTw1ltvUV9fzwMPPMDdd9/N2rVr2bt3L9nZ2eTk5LB9+3Z2795NYGAgH3/8McePH+fll19GLpeTk5ODIAisW7eO5uZmXn75ZdLS0li0aBFtbW1MnTqVhx9+mM8++4yioiKmTp1KTk4O27ZtY/PmzYwcOZLFixdTVVXF+vXrkUgkPProo5SXl1s/gJRKJZs2beKFF14gMDDwvH/DiIgIsrKyCAkJwdfXl/z8fJKTkwkLCzunXUxMzDnJ5YGBgYwdOxZ/f3/8/f356aef2LRpE88995xD83SHXOrs7e1Fp9Ph5eXF73//e1atWkV0dDS9vb0YjUbrL1Emk6HRaPjyyy8pLy9nzpw5HDhwgNTUVDo7O8nMzCQ6OhpBEJDJZEOOQX19fSkqKsLPz48bbriB/v5+GhoaAEhOTsbb25uSkhI8PDyIj48nKCiIxsZGuru7USgUREVFceLECbq7uwkMDCQ1NRWVSkV9fT0ymYz4+Hj6+/s5ffo0JpOJ9PR0BEGgrq4Ok8lEfHw8oaGh1NbWotFokMvl1h+fSqUiPDyc+Ph4lEqlNSKNHz+evr4+qqqq8Pf3Jz4+HkEQaGxstL4aZTIZZWVl6PV6IiMjiYuLo6Ghgfb2diIjI602m5ubCQgIYPTo0fT29nLixAny8/M5cuQIkydPJjc3l1OnTqFWq+no6GDUqFFDbpMxmUy0tbUhk8kuKObBEAQBtVqNSqVy6OsdbBDogQMH0Ov1pKSksHjxYj777LNBX88WiwWtVovRaCQgIID+/n4sFgsBAQGXlF0P4lr8L6mtrWXlypV0dnby7LPPMm7cOMLCwqwfSNcyNiWLFBUV0dbWxu233+6wDxxRoNDX18fWrVvZuHEjM2bM4LHHHkMmkwFQVlZGenq6kz0cfsRsJhdEp9NRVlbGRx99hNls5umnnyYzM/Oc6R2lUmnzhsSrGVGgLoTZbKaxsZHCwkK++uorpk6dyvz58wkJCTmvbUpKCtXV1U7w0rGIySIugNlspqmpibKyMg4cOIDFYmH58uWMHTt20HuUSqUDPXQeokCdTF9fHz/++CMFBQUYjUbuvvtubr31VutE+2AsXbrUQR46F/EV7yQsFgsNDQ18/fXXNDQ0kJ6ezrRp04iPj7dptkOtVnPdddc5wFPnIgrUCeh0Onbu3ElhYSFyuZxp06aRmpqKv7+/zTZmzZrFrl27htFL10AUqIOpq6tj1apV6HQ6fve735GWlsZ11113yckz3t7ebjEPKo5BHYRGo+HDDz/kyy+/5KmnnuK+++4jMjLysnMSXnjhBTt76JqIEXSYsVgsVFZWsmjRIsxmM59++qk1seZKMJvNbpFwIyYsDxN6vZ7Tp0+Tm5vLG2+8wbx588jPz7eLOAEWL15sFzuujhhB7YzFYkGpVFJUVMT3339PQkICc+fOZeTIkXaNeOIYVOSSMRgMHDp0iPz8fFQqFffccw/Tpk0blqooM2fOtLtNV0SMoHbi1KlT5OfnU1NTQ3JyMnfeeec5Cd72xl3W4sUIeoV0dnZSUFDAoUOHkMvlzJkzh8zMTLy8vIa137Vr1/Liiy8Oax+ugBhBLxOj0UhxcTF5eXn4+vpy++23k52dPeQ+dHsRHh5OR0eHQ/pyJmIEvQy6urpYt24d3377Lb/5zW+YOXMmsbGxwx41f8mlZMRfzYgR9BKwWCxUV1fz97//HZlMxvz580lJScHLy8vh26i7u7svmIZ3rSFGUBuwWCy0t7fz5ZdfsnXrVhYtWsS0adPw8/Nzmk+tra1uIVAxgl4Ei8VCT08PRUVFvPfee6SmprJkyRKuv/56p/oF4jyo2zMwMEBNTQ3btm3jxIkTPPvss9x///3OdsvKyJEjne2CQxAF+v8wGAzU19dz+PBhqqqqiImJ4dlnn7Wp5I8jeeedd5ztgkMQBfq/CIJAR0cH3333HWVlZYSEhHD//fczduxYh9YishV3GH+COAa1UlpayoYNG9BoNNx1111MnDiRiIiIS9rL70iysrI4ePCgs90YdtxeoFqtltzcXEpKSrj11luZPHkyCQkJDp3TvBzEj6RrnIGBAYqLi/nnP/9JVlYWS5YsISEhgYCAAGe7ZhN5eXnOdsEhuGUEra+v55133uH48eMsWrSIKVOm4O3tfVXVLBUTli/ApZybebatxWLBbDYjCAIWiwWDwWA9JdmRCIKARqNh+/btLFiwAF9fXzZs2MCMGTPw8fG5qsQJOLQEojOxKYKenbA+ffq0tQqcVqvFZDJZPyICAgLw8PDAbDbT2dmJWq0mOjqa+vp6DAaDtfTif/7zH9LT08nKyrpon/aMoFqtlsbGRrZt20ZZWRlPPvkkkydPdvlx5sUICAi4pFKWVys2jUF1Oh27d++mqamJ9PR0zGYzFRUVHDlyBC8vL0aPHs2kSZPw9vZGq9WyZcsWJBIJ8fHxNDQ0kJGRQUFBAQkJCYwbN87hX8b79u1j8+bNpKen8/7771vnNPV6PT/99BOZmZmXtOXXVnQ6HbW1tURHRxMdHW1X2w8//LBd7bkqNgnU39+fpKQkmpubgZ+r+wYHB9Pe3o7JZOKmm26yii4oKIjk5GSqqqrQ6XQoFAoUCgU7duwgNDSUxMREtm7dyoQJE4bsd/Xq1YSEhDB9+nTa29s5cOAAAHfddRf+/v5s3LgRqVTKzTffTHR0NMXFxTQ1NZGRkUFqaip79+6lqamJ9vZ2nnjiCcaNG4ePjw/w80dSXl4ee/fuJSUlhcbGRvbv32/t29fXl8mTJ6NQKAb1r7a2lqNHj6LVapk0aRIpKSls3LiRvr4+FAoF6enpFBQUoNVqefrpp+1aGfC9996zmy1XxqZQptfraWlpQalU0t3djSAI+Pn58eCDD5KTk3POloaBgQGampro7OzE09OTtrY2qquriY2NJTw8HKPRyF133WWTc0qlkvb2dsxmMwMDA6hUKtra2qzj2NbWVlpbW63DDbVajVKpRKPRWIuuKpVKvvnmG26++WarOAFqamooKirilVdeITIykp6eHr799lsKCwtRKpWsW7eOL774gt7e3kH96+joIDc3l02bNtHT0wNAZWUlu3fvRq1WI5PJePLJJ+ns7KS4uHjQUzYuh1dffdVutlwZm8agRqORU6dO0drayoQJEy6ai6jX66mrq0On0yGXy1GpVNbTimNiYmwe99lzDBobG0tLS8s515YtW0ZwcDA5OTn4+/vT19fHBx98QGZmJlOnTuX111+nq6uLl156iaioqAva1ev1rFixAoDnnnuOwMBA1qxZw2233caoUaOs7Xbt2kVhYSGvvPKKtb7nlSLOg/4CLy8vkpOTbdpj4+Pjc05VtrNjL2euyCxbtuy8a9XV1cyYMcP6g9Hr9db69sePH6ehoYE777zzovWPfHx8SEpK4vDhw5jNZgoLC4mJiTlHnAAKhYLa2lq7CuqRRx6xmy1XZtgn6l1hqfChhx4675rBYEAqlVqnlxobG9m1axdHjx4lMjKS+fPnc8899wwZ8aOiolCpVBiNRkpLS3nmmWfOa+Pl5YXBYMCeU87/+Mc/7GbLlXG+ehzAAw88MGSb9vZ2cnJyKC8vZ8+ePcybNw9BENiwYQOHDx8e9L6IiAhaW1v5+OOPmT17Nt7e3tTW1vLFF18Maw3Pf/3rX8Nm25VwC4GWlJScdy02NtZ6ilpvby/FxcWkp6fj7e2Nn58fUqmUwMBAJBKJ9UPp+uuv57PPPjvHzi83ryUlJeHh4UFQUBA6nc46hlapVMTExAx5Csel8Nprr9nNlivjFgK97bbbzrs2ceJEampq6OnpYenSpWzdupUdO3ZQWVlpbXN25Uuv1wNQWFjIqVOnzrETERHBbbfdds6r3WQyodfrMZlMGAwGDh48yLhx44YsSnspJCUl2c2WK+MWySKrV68+79q0adPYs2cPeXl5LF++/IJJInq9nsDAQOvxOtu3b+e+++47r90vx4Nnl3bPrvQUFBRQXV3Niy++aNfFgJ07d9rNlksjuCg+Pj52s7Vy5coLXu/u7hZefPFFQaVSDWmjvb1d+Pe//31J/XZ1dQmrV68Wjh07dkn32cKmTZvsbtMVcYtspgvNg17tyOVy68retYxbjEFnzJjhbBfszqVkll3NuEUEbWpqIi4uzi62XIWDBw8OmRF2LeAWEXT37t3OdsHunD3r/VrHLSJoXFwcTU1NdrHlKrhLPqhbRFBHVZxzJK64FXo4cAuBbt++3dku2B13KdzgFgJtbW11tgt259Zbb3W2Cw7BLQT63HPPOdsFu7NkyRJnu+AQ3EKgWq3W2S7YnWtxZuJCuIVAr8X9O3/961+d7YJDcItpJpVKZdcNa66ARqO5aqqgXAluEUGnT5/ubBfszpw5c5ztgkNwiwh6LSaLuMumObeIoNdi9nlmZqazXXAIbhFBr8VT2fR6/Tn7/K9VxAh6lfLpp5862wWH4BYRVByDXr24RQR9+umnne2C3bnjjjuc7YJDcIsI2tvbe81lNFVXV5OSkuJsN4Ydt4igL7/8srNdsDvFxcXOdsEhuEUEVSgUnD592i62XIWwsDA6Ozud7caw4xYRNDY21tku2B13yKYHN4mgJpPJrmVnXIGamhrGjBnjsP4EQUCn02GxWByaA+AWEfTbb791tgt2Z7CapcOFyWTi2LFj5OXlUVZWRl9fn0P6ddkIGhQUZLcKbn/84x/56KOP7GLLVTh69KhNZdTtiU6n45tvvqGkpITHH3+cRx55BIVCMawlNl1WoG+++Sb9/f3OdkPkFxgMBsrKymhqaiIzM5OFCxcyYcKEYT2vyWUFKuJamM1m6uvr+fHHH/H39ycrK4vY2NhhH9uLAhWxCbPZjEqlQhAEIiIiHHbGlChQEZuxWCwOL+nuFl/xIpeHUqkkOTnZushhqzjb29v585//zIYNG67YB1Ggbs6MGTPw8PAgPT2dQ4cOsWrVKsLCwvD09CQuLo6NGzde9DCzswj/exarxWIhPDycF154gc2bN5Ofn39F/l1bs9dDYDab0Wg0eHl54efnd9G2er2ejo4O62KBQqEYctzV399PW1sbAIGBgTbPVZ4d3wUHBw85Ca7Vamlra8NisSCVSgkPD7/ouVVD8cEHH/DEE0/wyiuvkJmZiUKhICoqiurqavz8/BgzZgwGg4Gmpia8vLzw8fGhv7+fgIAAjEYjBoMBuVyOWq3m8OHD6HQ6JkyYwKhRo5g7dy61tbXcfPPNhIaGXpZ/biNQjUbDvn37OHjwILfccsuQ6WpFRUW8//771kN0c3Nzh9x8t3z5cnbt2oWXlxeJiYm8++67REREDOnb8ePHmT9/PosXL+buu+++6LTN3r17+fDDD9HpdAQFBbFw4UKmTp06ZB+DER8fT0ZGBi0tLeh0OkpKSoiLi2Pr1q3MmjULT09PTp48ycMPP4xGo2HmzJnk5+dz44034uHhQVFREVu2bCEmJgZ/f3/6+/tRKpWMGjWKxMREdu7cSXd392UL1G1e8Wq1mvXr17Nv3z6b2z/11FN89913/OEPf+CTTz4Z8p6Ghga++uor1q9fT2ho6DkHMgyGUqmkuLjY5sQPtVrNpk2bKCwsZPv27VckTgCJREJMTAwtLS00NzcjlUpJTExErVYTEBCARCIhNDSUZcuWoVAoeOKJJ3jmmWeIiopi5cqVpKWlodfrkcvlXH/99fT09FjfTkFBQfT19V3REZBuI9C4uDiWLFnC6NGjbWo/Z84c7r33XsrLyzGbzTz22GND3rNu3TpOnz7Nhg0bSExM5Fe/+tVF2/f29nL48GFrtLGFuro6VqxYwdtvv83nn39u0z0XQyKREBkZSWVlJc3NzcTFxRESEnJOm/DwcFpaWpg9ezaJiYkMDAzw61//Gl9fXzw9PcnIyODYsWNIJBJSU1Opq6u7Yr/O4jYCvRzWrFnDnj17mDRpEvfcc49N9/j5+REREYHJZKKqqmrQdkajkerqagwGA2PHjrW5nGJ2djZRUVHIZDJ27tzJnj17bLpvMCQSCeHh4VRUVNDd3U1CQgLwc8lKnU5n/fg5deoUycnJtLa2IpVKiY+Pp6ysjMTERDw9PZHJZLS3tyOTyayFzbRaLf7+/lc0me82Y9CGhgZee+01ysrKOHnyJCEhIWRkZAzafs2aNbz66qsEBgayf/9+Vq5cyY4dO4bsJysri6SkJFatWsXBgwcHrULX399PQUEB27ZtY+3atRw5coTTp08TFRXFxIkTB7V/dhxssVgYGBigsLDwil7zEomE+Ph44uLiuOWWW6w7RdPS0mhsbMRsNmOxWKyn7505c4a+vj7CwsLYv38/Bw4c4M033+Ttt9+mr68PT09P63E79fX1yOXyKzt+Z7iPEXEVBgYGhKqqKqG0tFSorKwUenp6Ltr+zJkzQmlp6Tl/LkZFRYUwe/ZsQRAEobGxUXj++eeFzz//fND2RqNRaG5uttqeOnWq8O677wpqtXrQe44dOyY8/vjjQldXl2AymYTHHntM+OSTTy7qly3o9XqhsbHxnGu1tbXCxIkThcrKSsFsNgvV1dWCwWAQent7hZaWFkGn0wkdHR1CZWWlcPLkyfNsKpVKYd68ecKmTZsEo9F42b65jUCHG6PRKEybNk0ICwsT4uPjhTfffFPQ6/U233/fffcJW7ZsEUwm00X7eOaZZ4SoqCghIiJCeOmllwSdTmcP98/DbDYLVVVVgkKhOE+8Q6FSqYQFCxYIH3zwgWAwGK7ID3GpU8SlET+SRFwaUaAiLo0oUBGXRhSoiEsjClTEpREFKuLSiAIVcWlEgYq4NKJARVwaUaAiLo0oUBGXRhSoiEsjClTEpREFKuLSiAIVcWn+BzNBFNM6ZwUnAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC)
Physics-General
Physics-
An ideal monoatomic gas is taken round the cycle ABCDA as shown in following P-V diagram. The work done during the cycle is
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
An ideal monoatomic gas is taken round the cycle ABCDA as shown in following P-V diagram. The work done during the cycle is
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Physics-General
Physics-
The P-V graph of an ideal gas cycle is shown here as below. The adiabatic process is described by
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
The P-V graph of an ideal gas cycle is shown here as below. The adiabatic process is described by
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Physics-General
Physics-
A thermodynamic system undergoes cyclic process ABCDA as shown in figure. The work done by the system is
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
A thermodynamic system undergoes cyclic process ABCDA as shown in figure. The work done by the system is
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Physics-General
Physics-
A system is taken through a cyclic process represented by a circle as shown. The heat absorbed by the system is
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
A system is taken through a cyclic process represented by a circle as shown. The heat absorbed by the system is
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Physics-General