Chemistry-
General
Easy
Question
Using above equations, Write down expression for K of the following reaction:![N subscript 2 end subscript O subscript 4 end subscript left parenthesis g right parenthesis rightwards harpoon over leftwards harpoon N subscript 2 end subscript left parenthesis g right parenthesis plus fraction numerator 1 over denominator 2 end fraction O subscript 2 end subscript left parenthesis g right parenthesis](data:image/png;base64,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)
The correct answer is: ![fraction numerator 1 over denominator K subscript 1 end subscript superscript 2 end superscript K subscript 2 end subscript end fraction](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAC4AAAAtCAYAAADRLVmZAAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAABGJhU0UAAAAXQ/cXWQAAAVZJREFUeNpjYKANUAPiWiC+wDDEwGIgTgPi/wxDFIw6fNThow4fdfiow0cdTncHo+NRMApGwUgD/4cIHgWjYBSQmKl/AfFRIFYZah5gAuIsID43VGPgx1B0tD0QHxwsjvkGTQbIwBSIFwIxD5KYJDSNK1HBLIoBKKNdQhOzBeJWNDHQkNsWqOMpNYsqIACIlyLxfRggQ2sMaCG9DYj5qGAW1UA9EJcjWeSBRQ3I0RpUMotqYBU0pEBYj8JuGjFmUQ3cAuJJQOw2yMwiWKGASgEvIL4PxIKDxCyCwBypTC6BlhqDwSyCIBJavsLAQmgGo6VZVGn3gNJjBhKfBYgPk1kakGoWRe2eddA0iQxEGSDzOrJYKiB8cz6kmEVxu+cdEHNgEdeBpldkOUJzPqSYNSDtHmp1Zolp9ww6hxPT7hl0Die23TPoHE5su2fQOXzABoBGB/IJAQAOLJW6HY46hQAAALd0RVh0TWF0aE1MADxtYXRoIHhtbG5zPSJodHRwOi8vd3d3LnczLm9yZy8xOTk4L01hdGgvTWF0aE1MIj48bWZyYWM+PG1uPjE8L21uPjxtcm93Pjxtc3Vic3VwPjxtaT5LPC9taT48bW4+MTwvbW4+PG1uPjI8L21uPjwvbXN1YnN1cD48bXN1Yj48bWk+SzwvbWk+PG1uPjI8L21uPjwvbXN1Yj48L21yb3c+PC9tZnJhYz48L21hdGg+mueD5QAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)
Related Questions to study
Physics-
P-V diagram of an ideal gas is as shown in figure. Work done by the gas in process ABCD is
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
P-V diagram of an ideal gas is as shown in figure. Work done by the gas in process ABCD is
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Physics-General
Physics-
An ideal monoatomic gas is taken round the cycle ABCDA shown in the PV diagram in the given fig. The work done during the cycle is
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)
An ideal monoatomic gas is taken round the cycle ABCDA shown in the PV diagram in the given fig. The work done during the cycle is
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Physics-General
Physics-
The P-V diagram of 2 gm of helium gas for a certain process
is shown in the figure. what is the heat given to the gas during the process ![A rightwards arrow B](data:image/png;base64,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)
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
The P-V diagram of 2 gm of helium gas for a certain process
is shown in the figure. what is the heat given to the gas during the process ![A rightwards arrow B](data:image/png;base64,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)
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Physics-General
Physics-
In the following P-V diagram two adiabatic cut two isothermals at temperatures T1 and T2 (fig.). The value of
will be
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
In the following P-V diagram two adiabatic cut two isothermals at temperatures T1 and T2 (fig.). The value of
will be
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Physics-General
Physics-
A sample of an ideal gas is taken through a cycle a shown in figure. It absorbs 50J of energy during the process AB, no heat during BC, rejects 70J during CA. 40J of work is done on the gas during BC. Internal energy of gas at A is 1500J, the internal energy at C would be
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
A sample of an ideal gas is taken through a cycle a shown in figure. It absorbs 50J of energy during the process AB, no heat during BC, rejects 70J during CA. 40J of work is done on the gas during BC. Internal energy of gas at A is 1500J, the internal energy at C would be
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Physics-General
Physics-
P-V diagram of a cyclic process ABCA is as shown in figure. Choose the correct statement
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
P-V diagram of a cyclic process ABCA is as shown in figure. Choose the correct statement
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Physics-General
Physics-
In the following figure, four curves A, B, C and D are shown. The curves are
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
In the following figure, four curves A, B, C and D are shown. The curves are
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Physics-General
Physics-
Six moles of an ideal gas performs a cycle shown in figure. If the temperature are TA = 600 K, TB = 800 K, TC = 2200 K and TD = 1200 K, the work done per cycle is
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Six moles of an ideal gas performs a cycle shown in figure. If the temperature are TA = 600 K, TB = 800 K, TC = 2200 K and TD = 1200 K, the work done per cycle is
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Physics-General
Physics-
Consider a process shown in the figure. During this process the work done by the system
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Consider a process shown in the figure. During this process the work done by the system
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Physics-General
Physics-
The P-V diagram of a system undergoing thermodynamic transformation is shown in figure. The work done by the system in going from
is 30J and 40J heat is given to the system. The change in internal energy between A and C is
The P-V diagram of a system undergoing thermodynamic transformation is shown in figure. The work done by the system in going from
is 30J and 40J heat is given to the system. The change in internal energy between A and C is
Physics-General
Physics-
An ideal gas is taken from point A to the point B, as shown in the P-V diagram, keeping the temperature constant. The work done in the process is
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)
An ideal gas is taken from point A to the point B, as shown in the P-V diagram, keeping the temperature constant. The work done in the process is
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Physics-General
Physics-
An ideal gas is taken around ABCA as shown in the above P-V diagram. The work done during a cycle is
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
An ideal gas is taken around ABCA as shown in the above P-V diagram. The work done during a cycle is
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Physics-General
Physics-
For one complete cycle of a thermodynamic process on a gas as shown in the P-V diagram, Which of following is correct
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
For one complete cycle of a thermodynamic process on a gas as shown in the P-V diagram, Which of following is correct
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Physics-General
Physics-
When a system is taken from state i to a state f along path if,
and
Along path if,
If
for the curved return path f i, Q for this path is
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
When a system is taken from state i to a state f along path if,
and
Along path if,
If
for the curved return path f i, Q for this path is
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Physics-General
Physics-
A sample of ideal monoatomic gas is taken round the cycle ABCA as shown in the figure. The work done during the cycle is
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)
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)
A sample of ideal monoatomic gas is taken round the cycle ABCA as shown in the figure. The work done during the cycle is
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
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)
Physics-General